동남아시아의 분절적 다자주의: 위기인가 기회인가?
Compartmentalized Multilateralism in Southeast Asia: Problems or Opportunities?
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국제제도를 다루는 주요 이론가들은 느슨하고 비공식적이며 분절적으로진화하는 동남아의 다자주의가 역내 질서에 이롭지 않고 특히 중소국들에게 불리한 구조라고 우려한다. 그러나 많은 경우 동남아 중소국들이 실제로 효율적이고 강한 제도보다 느슨하고 분절적인 제도적 진화를 선호해왔고 이를 적극적으로 활용했다는 측면에 대해서는 크게 주목하지 않는다. 이 글은 국제제도 관련 여러 이론들의 함의 및 전망과 달리, 실제로 이와같은 분절적 다자주의의 발전이 동남아시아 중소국 외교에 유리하게 작용한 측면을 집중적으로 살펴보고자 한다. 우선, 일부 제도주의자들의 우려와 달리, 산만하고 분절적으로 발전한 다자주의는 강대국의 갑작스런 변덕이나 세력 경쟁과 상관없이 중소국들이 협력을 유지할 수 있도록 플랫폼의선택권을 넓혀주었다. 둘째, 일부 세력균형론의 함의와 달리, 동남아의 분절적 다자주의는 미⋅중 경쟁의 산물일 뿐이거나 역내 중소국들의 협력환경을 어렵게 만들었다고만 보기는 어렵다. 오히려 강대국 간의 역내 경쟁으로 인해 다자주의가 산만해지는 상황이 이들의 외교적 영향력을 펼치는데 유리할 수 있었다. 셋째, 다자협력제도는 강대국의 수단으로 작용하거나 강대국의 이익을 주로 반영하여 설계된다는 관점과 달리, 동남아의 역내 중소국들은 수동적으로 제도를 받아들이는데 머물기보다 자국의 이익을위해 다자주의를 적극 설계하고 활용하였다.
Abstract
While many observers are concerned about the loose and fragmented nature of multilateralism around Southeast Asia and focusing on its negative impacts on non-major states in the region, this article asserts that such compartmentalized multilatearlism is not necessarily a challenge for these lesser powers. Instead, such development suits these non-major states’ key interests in preventing an impasse in institutional cooperation, offsetting major external powers’ asymmetric influence, and providing space for contestation against hegemon wielding unwanted power over the weak. This counter-intuitive observation could help identify a relatively overlooked dimension of multilateralisation around Southeast Asia and discuss the agency of lesser powers in multilaral diplomacy in the region.
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