영국노동조합운동의 경제적 효과- 1870~1914년을 중심으로 -
The Economic Effects of Trade Union Movement in the United Kingdom - Focusing on 1870~1914 -
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본 연구에서는 최초의 산업국가로서 전국적인 노동조합을 탄생시킨 바 있는 영국의 노동조합운동의 경제적 효과를 문헌연구를 통하여 고찰하고자 하였다. 초기 영국의 노동조합운동은 노동자들에게는 물론이고 사회전체적인 관점에서 볼 경우에도 직접적인 큰 이득을 초래하지 않은 것으로 평가된다. 1870~1914년 동안 노동자들의 소득분배개선과 임금격차에는 거의 변화가 없었고, 노동조건의 개선과 마찬가지로 노동시간의 감소도 매우 미미했다. 강력한 노조는 임금에 관해 상대적인 개선을 이루었으나, 대부분의 노동자들에게 있어서는 제한적인 것으로 나타났다. 실질임금의 개선이 있을 경우에도 이는 노조부문의 직접적인 행동에 의한 것이 아니라 교역조건의 우연한 변화에 따른 것이다. 과거의 유산에 빠져있고, 고용주나 경영층에 대한 통제전략에 과도한 비중을 둠으로써 영국노동조합은 높은 생산성, 높은 이윤 및 고임금경제로 나아가지 못했고, 오히려 고용주의 생산성향상 노력과 기술변화, 적정노동자원의 활용에 대한 통제를 의미하는 제약적 관행들을 유지하기 위한 노력에만 관심을 기울였다. 그리하여 1880년대 말의 노사관계의 악화와 점증하는 노동운동의 영향력은 에드워드시대에 저점에 도달했던 산업생산성의 성장을 지체시키는 요인이 되었다. 노동, 기술, 조직에 대한 노동자들의 완고한 태도는 비록 이것이 전적으로 생산성 감소의 주요 요인이라고 말하기는 어렵지만 산업효율에 부정적인 효과를 주었던 것으로 보인다. 요컨대 1870~1914년 사이에 이루어진 영국의 대규모 노동조합운동은 영국 전체적인 입장에서 보았을 때, 산업효율성 증진에 대한 노조의 방해가 절대적으로 크지는 않았지만, 노조의 파업과 특히 제약적 관행은 그 동안 노동조합이 노동자들에게 가져다 주고자했던 상당한 정치적, 경제적 이득을 상쇄시켰음은 물론이거니와 종국적으로는 영국의 생활수준을 제약하는 요인 중의 하나가 되게 하였음을 알 수 있다.
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to examine the development of an early trade union movement and its economic effects in the UK. The direct gains of the working classes and United Kingdom itself were not spectacular in the formative years of the labour movement in 1870~1914. There was little change in labour's income share over the period as a whole, nor in differentials, and the reduction in working hours was modest after the burst of the early 1870s, as were improvements in working conditions. It is true that strong unions did manage to secure some relative improvement in their wage, but for the majority of workers the record of advance was limited. Imbued with the heritage of the past and combined with the control strategies of the employers, the unions were not inclined to work for a high productivity, high profit and high wage economy, but instead directed their efforts towards restrictions designed to limit employers' control over work effort, technical change and optimal use of labour resources. Therefore the deterioration in industrial relations from the late 1880s together with the growing influence of the labour movement coincides with a slowing down in productivity growth in industry which reached its nadir in the Edwardian period. In sum, union impediments to efficiency were probably by no means so great in view of UK society, but they were becoming considerable, they were still growing, and it is clear that the unions were already on a course that, if continued, would eventually make them and UK one of the main constraints upon British living standards.
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