우크라이나 위기와 덴마크의 방위전략 변화: 2022년 유럽연합 방위 옵트아웃 폐지 국민투표를 중심으로
Ukraine Crisis and Changes in Denmark’s Defense Strategy: Focusing on the 2022 Danish European Union Opt-Out Referendum
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본 연구는 덴마크 옵트아웃 조항의 도입 배경과 기존 논쟁에 주목하여 2022년 덴마크 국민투표의 과정을 살펴보고, 방위 옵트아웃 폐지 가결로 옵트아웃 조항이 폐지되는 것이 향후 덴마크의 안보방위 정책에 어떤 함의를 갖는지를 분석한다. 덴마크는 북유럽 국가 중 유일하게 유럽연합과 나토에 동시 가입한 국가이나, 유럽연합과의 방위협력 분야에서 옵트아웃 권한을 유지하고 있다. 1992년 체결된 에든버러 협정에 따라 덴마크는 공동방위, 유럽통화, 유럽 시민권, 사법 및 내무 분야에서 유럽연합과의 조약을 따르지 않을 수 있는 권리를 획득했다. 덴마크 정부는 유럽연합과 효과적으로 협력하기 위해 옵트아웃을 폐지하려 시도했으나 대중의 반대로 성공하지 못했다. 그러나 우크라이나 위기를 배경으로 실시된 2022년 국민투표에서 방위 옵트아웃 폐지가 가결됨에 따라 덴마크는 유럽연합의 공동방위안보정책에 복귀해 유럽연합과 나토의 방위협력에 참여할 수 있게 됐다.
Abstract
This study examines the context of the Danish referendum in 2022 and analyzes the implications of the abolition of the European Union (EU) defense opt-out on Denmark’s security and defense policy. Denmark is the only Nordic country to join both the EU and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO); however, it has an opt-out from the field of defense cooperation as it has obtained the right not to cooperate with the EU in the areas of common defense, European currency, European citizenship, and judicial and internal affairs. The Danish government has attempted to abolish opt-outs to work more effectively with the EU, but these efforts have not been successful due to public opposition. On the other hand, the ongoing war in Ukraine has resulted in increased public support for initiating defense cooperation with the EU. Based on the results of the referendum, Denmark will be able to return to the Common Defense and Security Policy (CSDP) and participate in the increasing defense cooperation between NATO and the EU.
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