유럽 전략적 자율성 추구를 위한 EU의 전략
The EU’s Strategy for the Pursuit of European Strategic Autonomy
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러시아의 우크라이나 침공으로 인한 유럽의 안보 불안은 EU에게 안보및 방위 분야에서 전략적 자율성 추구가 필요하다는 인식을 강화하는 계기가 되고 있다. 물론 트럼프 대통령 시절부터 불거진 미국과 EU의 대서양관계의 변화와 이후 다양한 일련의 사건들 – AUKUS 협정, 코로나19 팬데믹 등 – 도 EU의 전략적 자율성 추구를 촉진시킨 원동력이라고 할 수 있다. 그러나 EU의 전략적 자율성 추구에 대한 명확한 의지에도 불구하고 EU의전략적 자율성 추구는 여전히 모호한 것이 사실이다. 특히 안보 분야에서는 EU의 제한적인 역량과 일부 회원국들의 반발 등으로 전략적 자율성 추구를 위한 구체적인 정책 등은 이행되지 못하는 것이 사실이다. 이러한 점에서 본 연구는 EU가 안보 분야에서 전략적 자율성 추구를 강조함에도 이를 위한 구체적인 전략이 이행되지 않는 이유를 분석하고자 한다. 본 연구는 안보 분야에서 전략적 자율성 추구가 미국과의 결별 혹은 대서양 관계의훼손에 대한 우려와 일부 회원국들의 반대로 구체적인 정책을 이행하지 않는 모호한 상태를 유지하고 있으며, 이것이 안보 분야에서 EU의 전략적 자율성 추구 전략임을 주장한다. 그러나 EU는 기존의 안보 이외의 다른 정책분야(예: 기술, 경제 등)로 전략적 자율성 추구 대상을 확대하고 있으며, 이러한 정책 분야에서는 미국의 의도와 정책과는 차별되더라도 EU의 이해관계와 우선순위를 고려한 전략적 자율성에 기반을 둔 정책을 이행하는 전략을 수행하고 있다. 아울러 EU의 전략적 자율성 추구가 미중 경쟁 구도에서어느 한쪽 편에 편승하지 않으려는 EU 전략의 일환이라는 측면에서 미중관계와 관련한 한국 대외정책 수립에 시사하는 바가 크다고 할 수 있다
Abstract
The security risk in Europe because of Russia’s invasion of Ukraine has strengthened the perception that the EU needs to pursue its strategic autonomy. In addition to the change of transatlantic relations since the Trump administration, there have been other sets of events which have driven the EU seeking for strategic autonomy such as the AUKUS Pact and Covid-19 pandemic. While the EU has shown its clear intention of strategic autonomy, the EU’s pursuit of strategic autonomy is still ambiguous. It is true that any specific policies for the pursuit of strategic autonomy particularly in the security area have not been implemented mainly because of the EU’s limited capabilities and the opposition of several member states. In this sense, this research aims at analysing the reasons why specific strategies have not been conducted despite the EU’s emphasis on the pursuit of strategic autonomy in the security field. This paper argues that the EU’s strategy for the pursuit of strategic autonomy in the security area is to maintain ambiguous positions. This is because there have been concerns that the EU’s pursuit of strategic autonomy in security could mean a decoupling from the US; furthermore, several member states have opposed the idea of the EU’s strategic autonomy. The EU, however, has already extended the areas of strategic autonomy initially from security to other policy options such as economy and technology. This shows the EU’s strategy of implementing its own policies based on strategic autonomy that the EU prioritises its interests in spite of being different from the US intention and policies. It is also important to note that the EU’s pursuit of strategic autonomy has its implication to establishing Korea’s foreign policy, in that the EU’s pursuit of strategic autonomy forms a part of the EU’s strategies that the EU does not intend to take sides between the US and China in a situation of their strategic competition.
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