상고 한어 접속사 與와 及의 차이 재고찰(下)
The Origin and Functional Differences Between yu 與 and ji 及 in Archaic Chinese (Part 2)
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This paper is the second half of a study that explains the syntactic and semantic differences between yu 與 and ji 及, both frequently used as noun phrase conjunctions (NP-AND) in Old Chinese. The semantic and syntactic differences in the usages of the two as NP-AND are ascribed to their different origins and paths of grammaticalization. In the previous study, it was illustrated that yu 與, originally a comitative verb meaning ‘to be together with’, first grammaticalized into an adverb meaning ‘together’ (used in the form [與+Verb]VP). It further grammaticalized into a comitative preposition meaning ‘with’ (in the form [[與+NP]PP+VP]VP). Finally, yu 與 grammaticalized into an NP-AND used in the form [[NP1][與]CONJ[NP2]]NP3. This paper explains the origin and the grammaticalization path of ji 及. Ji 及 in the Oracle-Bone Inscriptions(OBI) is a graph of ‘joined meanings’ (huìyì 會意) that depicts a person along with a hand trying to catch, or catching, the person. Ji 及 in the OBI means ‘to take, to hold’ or ‘to reach.’ Based on analysis of all occurrences of ji 及 in Fascicle Three of Inscriptions from the Yin Ruins (Yinxu Wenzi Bingbian ≪殷墟文字丙編≫), The Book of Documents (Shangshu ≪尚書≫) and The Book of Odes (Shijing ≪詩經≫), it is argued that the main grammaticalization path of ji 及 used as NP-AND is as follows. From its verbal usage ‘to reach’, it started to be used in the form [(自)A及Z] indicating a scope. It further grammaticalized into an NP-AND via an intermediate stage as an additive particle meaning ‘also’, ‘in addition to’, or ‘even’. Each step of grammaticalization is supported by the knowledge of grammatialization and linguistic typology.
Abstract
This paper is the second half of a study that explains the syntactic and semantic differences between yu 與 and ji 及, both frequently used as noun phrase conjunctions (NP-AND) in Old Chinese. The semantic and syntactic differences in the usages of the two as NP-AND are ascribed to their different origins and paths of grammaticalization. In the previous study, it was illustrated that yu 與, originally a comitative verb meaning ‘to be together with’, first grammaticalized into an adverb meaning ‘together’ (used in the form [與+Verb]VP). It further grammaticalized into a comitative preposition meaning ‘with’ (in the form [[與+NP]PP+VP]VP). Finally, yu 與 grammaticalized into an NP-AND used in the form [[NP1][與]CONJ[NP2]]NP3. This paper explains the origin and the grammaticalization path of ji 及. Ji 及 in the Oracle-Bone Inscriptions(OBI) is a graph of ‘joined meanings’ (huìyì 會意) that depicts a person along with a hand trying to catch, or catching, the person. Ji 及 in the OBI means ‘to take, to hold’ or ‘to reach.’ Based on analysis of all occurrences of ji 及 in Fascicle Three of Inscriptions from the Yin Ruins (Yinxu Wenzi Bingbian ≪殷墟文字丙編≫), The Book of Documents (Shangshu ≪尚書≫) and The Book of Odes (Shijing ≪詩經≫), it is argued that the main grammaticalization path of ji 及 used as NP-AND is as follows. From its verbal usage ‘to reach’, it started to be used in the form [(自)A及Z] indicating a scope. It further grammaticalized into an NP-AND via an intermediate stage as an additive particle meaning ‘also’, ‘in addition to’, or ‘even’. Each step of grammaticalization is supported by the knowledge of grammatialization and linguistic typology.
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