상고 한어 접속사 與와 及의 차이 재고찰(上)
The Origin and Functional Differences Between yu 與 and ji 及 in Archaic Chinese (Part1)
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The functional differences between yu 與 and ji 及, both of which were used as noun phrase conjunctions(NP-AND) in Archaic Chinese, have been controversial. This study illustrates their syntactic and semantic differences using a diachronic analysis informed by principles of linguistic typology and grammaticalization. This paper, which is the first half of an in-depth study of the differences between yu 與 and ji 及, investigates the origin and the grammaticalization path of yu 與. Yu 與 first started to appear in the bronze inscriptions. It is a picture of four hands holding an object (presumably a tooth). As a verb, yu 與 means ‘to give’ or ‘to be together with’. The grammaticalization path of yu 與 can be charted based on its occurrences in The Book of Documents (Shangshu ≪尚書≫) and The Book of Odes (Shijing ≪詩經≫). From a verb meaning ‘to be together with’, it first grammaticalized into an adverb meaning ‘together’, appearing in the form [與+Verb]VP. From an adverb, it further grammaticalized into a preposition meaning ‘with’, appearing in the form [Subj+[[與+Obj]PP+VP]VP].It finally grammaticalized into an NP-AND via a change of constituency and appeared in the form [A 與 B]NP. The grammaticalization path posited for yu 與 is supported by evidence from the history of Chinese, where comitative verbs were often grammaticalized into NP-AND. Examples include he 和 ‘to mix, to be together with’; tong 同 ‘same, to be together with’; gong 共 ‘to share, together’; bing 並 ‘to combine, together’; gen 跟 ‘to follow’ and so on. Looking beyond Chinese, it is very common cross-linguistically to find comitative verbs grammaticalized into NP-AND via an intermediate stage of comitative adposition.
Abstract
The functional differences between yu 與 and ji 及, both of which were used as noun phrase conjunctions(NP-AND) in Archaic Chinese, have been controversial. This study illustrates their syntactic and semantic differences using a diachronic analysis informed by principles of linguistic typology and grammaticalization. This paper, which is the first half of an in-depth study of the differences between yu 與 and ji 及, investigates the origin and the grammaticalization path of yu 與. Yu 與 first started to appear in the bronze inscriptions. It is a picture of four hands holding an object (presumably a tooth). As a verb, yu 與 means ‘to give’ or ‘to be together with’. The grammaticalization path of yu 與 can be charted based on its occurrences in The Book of Documents (Shangshu ≪尚書≫) and The Book of Odes (Shijing ≪詩經≫). From a verb meaning ‘to be together with’, it first grammaticalized into an adverb meaning ‘together’, appearing in the form [與+Verb]VP. From an adverb, it further grammaticalized into a preposition meaning ‘with’, appearing in the form [Subj+[[與+Obj]PP+VP]VP].It finally grammaticalized into an NP-AND via a change of constituency and appeared in the form [A 與 B]NP. The grammaticalization path posited for yu 與 is supported by evidence from the history of Chinese, where comitative verbs were often grammaticalized into NP-AND. Examples include he 和 ‘to mix, to be together with’; tong 同 ‘same, to be together with’; gong 共 ‘to share, together’; bing 並 ‘to combine, together’; gen 跟 ‘to follow’ and so on. Looking beyond Chinese, it is very common cross-linguistically to find comitative verbs grammaticalized into NP-AND via an intermediate stage of comitative adposition.
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