만발발자 유적으로 본 후기 고조선의 교역 네트워크와 고구려의 발흥

Abstract

The Wanfabozi, Tonghua, is one of most significant site that shows the change in the process of the formation of early Goguryeo forces around the Tonghua and Huanren area. The Tonghua region was located far from the middle and downstream of the Yalu River, where hoards with knife money (mingdaoqian) were found. It was highly mountainous,and the ratio of fishing and hunting was very high compared to agriculture. An analysis of animal remains found bones of various fur animals other than pigs raised as livestock, which is extremely unusual. This area functioned as a group that performed the primary collection and processing of fur at the time of the rise of Gojoseon. Moreover, various other unique goods were traded, given the nature of the mountain region. The area grew through the Chinese state’s fortcentered expansion (for example, the chibaisong fortress (Tonghua region) and traded with various regions such as Gojoseon, early Goguryeo, and Buyeo due to the changes of northern China in the 3rd and 2nd centuries B.C. However, this was the group in charge of production, and the power did not expand around them. This is demonstrated by the fact that various memorial services coexisted in one space without overlapping across different zones. Besides, there was not much difference in social status among the relics of each tomb. The Wanfabozi society rapidly changed with the advent of the early Goguryeo group as represented by piled-stone tombs, reflecting the progression of social complexity and integration. In particular, the process of changing from pit tombs to stone mound tombs can be regarded as a transition period in which the early Goguryeo took over the network with the collapse of the Gojoseon network. In this way, Wanfabozi illustrates a macroscopic cultural change in East Asia, starting from the early stage of the lute-shaped bronze dagger to the late Gojoseon, centered on pit tombs, and the early Goguryeo, represented by stone-covered tombs and stone mound tombs. At the same time, this area clearly shows the appearance of a local group that lived and adapted to the unique conditions of the Tonghua area. It meets the definition of a glocalistic approach, which is recently emerging in history and culture studies. It enables researchers to identify the formation process and flow of individual remains and then understand the regional adaptation diffusion based on the macroscopic historical flow.