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현대 미국의 성역도시: 추방의 시대, 도시의 자기방어

Contemporary Sanctuary Cities in the United States: The Self-Defense of Cities in the Age of Deportation

설동훈|이충훈
사회과학연구소 (Institute of Social Sciences SOGANG UNIVERSITY)|2021.09|지역과 세계 (Locality and Globality: International Journal of Social Sciences)|제45권 제3호|pp. 7-35|DOI 10.33071/ssricb.45.3.202109.7

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참고문헌

키워드

시민citizen추방deportationillegal aliensillegal immigrants성역도시서류미비 이민자undocumented immigrants파편화된 시티즌십fragmented citizenship불법이민자불법외국인sanctuary cities
주제분류기타사회과학

초록

전통적인 이민국인 미국에서 연방정부에 의한 ‘서류미비 이민자’ 단속과 ‘불법외국인’의 추방에 협력을 거부하는 성역도시(sanctuary city)는 21세기 미국의 이민 문제를 이해하기 위한 핵심 키워드가 되었다. 이 연구에서는 ‘구글 엔그램 뷰어’를 활용하여 1900-2019년 영어권 출판물에서 추방에 관련된 개념들―‘불법이민자,’ ‘불법외국인,’ ‘서류미비 이민자’―의 사용 빈도를 분석한다. 이를 통해 이 개념들이 출판물에서 사용되어 온 역사적 추세를 분석하고, ‘불법외국인’ 개념이 가진 의미를 파악한다. 또한, 21세기 미국의 ‘추방의 시대’를 ‘서류미비 이민자’의 불법화로 파악하고, 그것을 두 가지 추방 모델을 통해 살펴본다. ‘국경통제’와 ‘사회적 통제’ 모두 불법화된 ‘서류미비 이민자’에게 작동하고 있음을 설명한다. 마지막으로, 본 연구에서는 현대 미국 ‘추방의 시대’에 성역도시의 성장을 맥락화되고 관계적으로 구성되는 과정으로 이해한다. 성역도시는 추방의 시대에 도시의 자기방어로 진화하는 것으로 파악하여, 연방이민통제에 대한 거부와 불법화된 ‘서류미비 이민자’를 시민으로 통합하는 것을 추구한다.

Abstract

Sanctuary cities, which reject to cooperate with the federal agencies in cracking down ‘undocumented immigrants’ and deporting ‘illegal aliens,’ have been grown as the main keyword to understand contemporary immigration issues in the U.S. To understand it, this study examines deportation-related definitions, such as ‘illegal immigrants,’ ‘illegal aliens,’ and ‘undocumented immigrants,’ and the historical tendencies of their use in the English letter world from 1900 to 2019 by utilizing Google Ngram Viewer. Based on the examination, this study will analyze historical tendencies through which those definitions have been used, mainly focusing on the definition of ‘illegal aliens.’ Second, this study analyzes the American age of deportation during the 21th century by looking at the illegalization of ‘undocumented immigrants,’ and deportation phenomena and its models. It will discuss the changing modes of control mechanism on ‘undocumented immigrants’: both the ‘border control’ and the ‘post-entry social control’ have been operated against them. Finally, this study examines the process of sanctuary cities in the relational dynamics of ‘illegal immigrants,’ as the self-defense of cities in the age of deportation and their diverse evolution in making illegalized ‘undocumented immigrants’ citizens.

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