장소성에 기반한 초국가 시대 이주 연구: 교외 거주 재미한인 연구 모델의 모색
On the Study of Migration Based on Locality in the Transnational Era: Seeking a Model to study Suburban Korean Americans
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이 글은 재미한인을 연구하기 위한 패러다임을 모색하기 위해 초국가적, 초지역적으로 구성되는 공간과 장소에 대한 관심을 환기하고, 이주민의 거주지 특성에 주목한 연구가 어떻게 초국가 시대 이주민인 재미한인 삶의 다층적 면면과 한인들의 실천을 이해하는 통로가 될 수 있는가를 검토하는 글이다. 이 연구는 특히 교외(suburb)를 논의의 중심에 두고 미국 내 한인의 거주지 특성에 대한 연구를 검토하며 이주 연구에 있어 공간 담론의 유용성을 점검하고자 한다. 고전적 이민자 거주지에 대한 논의, 특히 동화론적 이주 공간 담론은 도심과 교외를 이민자와 주류미국인의 거주지 대립항으로 놓고 교외에의 거주를 동화의 증거 혹은 동화 목적에 의한 것으로 해석한다. 그러나 교외로의 이주가 반드시 미 주류사회로의 사회문화적 동화를 동반하지는 않으며, ‘미국의 교외화’라는 담론이 등장할 만큼 2차 세계대전 이후 미국인의 삶이 도심의 바깥에서 도시의 기능을 수행하는 교외로 이동하는 과정에는 이민자들도 일찌감치 합류하고 있었다. 1990년대 이후에는 신입 이민자들이 도심의 민족집거지를 거치지 않고 직접 교외에 정착하는 현상이 나타나는데, 특히 미국 이민법 개정의 결과 증가한 고학력·고숙련의 중국계와 한국계 아시안 이민자들을 중심으로 교외에 새로운 종족 중심의 집중 거주 현상이 등장했다. 글로벌 자본에 의한 도시재구조화 과정에서 등장한 이와 같은 거주 현상에 주목한 에스노버브(ethnoburb) 프레임은 각기 동화 혹은 통합의 정도가 다른 다양한 대다수 한인들의 삶이 교외에서 전개되는 양상을 고찰하는데 유용하다.
Abstract
Seeking a paradigm to study Korean Americans, this paper calls for attention on space and place being constructed transnationally and translocally, and examines in what way the study focusing on migrant settlement provides a useful window to understand lives and agency of Korean Americans as migrants in the transnational era. Particularly this study puts ‘suburb’ in the center of discussion in looking through studies on Koreans’ settlement characteristics in America, and examining the value space discourse has in the study of migration. Traditional discourses on migrant settlement, especially the assimilationist discourse puts suburb as the resident space of the mainstream Americans in the binary opposition with inner city as the migrant resident space. And it interprets migrants’ residence in the suburbs as the result of or the purpose for assimilation. However, settling in the suburb does not always accompany socio-cultural assimilation to American mainstream values and culture. In the process of ‘suburbanization of United States’ after the World War II, the changes that has brought greater part of American lives to the suburbs, immigrants were not exceptions from early on. And since 1990, newly arrived immigrants tend to settle directly in the suburbs not going through the inner city ethnic enclaves. Especially with the increase of highly-educated, highly-skilled Asian migrants such as Chinese and Koreans since the US revision of immigration law, new ethnic settlements in the suburbs started to emerge. The concept of ethnoburb describes this settlement pattern which also emerges in the process of global capitalist urban reconstruction. I would argue ‘ethnoburb’ provides a useful frame to inquire into the lives of greater number of Korean Americans living in the suburbs who show different degrees of assimilation and/or integration to American society.
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