티벳불교의 바르도(bar do)와 시토(zhi khro) 의례
Bar do and Zhi khro rituals in Tibetan Buddhism
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본고는 먼저 『티벳 사자의 서 』로 알려진 『바르도 상태에서 들음을 통한 위대한 해탈 』을 통해 티벳불교의 바르도(bar do)의 특징을 고찰한다. 이후 우리에게는 다소 낯선, 밀교적으로 묘사된 평화존과 분노존으로 구성된 시토(zhi khro)라는 개념과 그 의례에 대한 이해를 넓히고자 한다. 티벳에 불교 문헌이 번역되어 전해진 시기는 7세기 송짼 감뽀시대 이후부터 약 850년 이전까지의 전전기(前傳期)와 10세기 후반부터 13세기까지의 후전기(後傳期)로 구분된다. 전전기에 번역된 문헌은 고역 문헌으로, 후전기에 번역된 문헌은 신역 문헌으로 분류된다. 그중 고역 문헌에만 나타나는 탄트라 문헌을 통칭하여 ‘고대 탄트라 전집’이라고 한다. 본고에서 다루는 바르도와 시토 의례는 ‘고대 탄트라 전집’의 『탄트라 비밀의 정수』를 바탕으로 하여 티벳불교가 전개됨에 따라 더 정교하게 발달한 개념과 의례이다. 『탄트라 비밀의 정수』에 등장하는 100평화・분노존의 도상과 상징은 이후 티벳에서 평화존(zhi ba’i lha)과 분노존(khro bo’i lha)에 관한 시토 문헌류로 더욱 구체화 되었다. 이 시토 문헌류 가운데 대표적인 문헌은 『티벳 사자의 서 』로 알려진 『바르도 상태에서 들음을 통한 위대한 해탈 』이다. 본고에서는 먼저 『바르도 상태에서 들음을 통한 위대한 해탈 』 중 「여섯 바르도 근본 게송」의 내용을 통해 고역 전통에서 나타나는 티벳불교의 바르도를 해석할 것이다. 이후 바르도의 과정에서 나타나는 시토들에 대한 묘사가 수록되어 있는 「법성 바르도가 나타날 때 들음을 통한 위대한 해탈」과 「분노존들의 바르도의 나타남에 대해 밝힘」을 통해 그 내용을 검토하고 이와 관계된 문헌과 의례에 대해 살펴본다.
Abstract
In the West, the scholarly study of the Nyingma school of Tibetan Buddhism has a long history dating back to the early 20th century, with an initial focus on the philological and historical analysis of its complex literature and its transmission, and a later emphasis on rituals and practices. However, Korean Buddhologists have typically devoted themselves to Seon (Chan) and Korean Buddhism, paying little attention to Vajrayana Buddhism in general and the Nyingma school in particular. Therefore, the first goal of this article is to introduce the notion of bardo (intermediate state) and zhi khro (peaceful and wrathful deities) rituals to Korean academia. To do so, a textual contextualization within the 'Ancient Tantric Collections' (rnying ma rgyud 'bum) is first presented, along with its related texts, and contemporary studies. This will allow us to examine the characteristics of the intermediate state in Tibetan Buddhism through the text "The Great Liberation through Listening in the Bardo State (bar do thos grol chen mo)," also known as The Tibetan Book of the Dead, and then, address the concept of “zhi khro,” which refers to esoterically described peaceful and wrathful deities and their rituals and which is somewhat unfamiliar to the Korean Buddhist. The paper shows how the intermediate state (bar do) and zhi khro rituals are concepts and practices that originated in the Guhyagarbha Tantra (rgyud gsang ba'i snying po, *密續秘密藏) in "the Ancient Tantric Collections (rnying ma rgyud 'bum, 古密敎全集)" and were further elaborated as Tibetan Buddhism developed. The iconography and symbolism of the 100 peaceful and wrathful deities in the Guhyagarbha Tantra were later further refined in Tibetan texts on the peaceful deities (zhi ba'i lha) and wrathful deities (khro bo'i lha), within which, the famous "The Great Liberation through Listening in the Bardo State (bar do thos grol chen mo, 14C)" is located. An innovative contribution of this article is the interpretation of the unique view of the intermediate state of Tibetan Buddhism as transmitted in the ancient translation school (rnying ma) through the "Six Bardo Verses (drug gi rtsa tshig)" from the Great Liberation through Listening in the Bardo State in order to discover the differences with the East Asian concept of the intermediate state contained in Zhong-yin (中陰), a representative Chinese translation of the intermediate state. By furthering the understanding of the Nyingma school of Tibetan Buddhism and introducing bardo and zhi khro rituals, we are able to situate Tibetan Buddhist practice in its historical and literary contexts, as well as its uniqueness and philosophical depth. This article shows the complexities of and rationale of these specific Tibetan Buddhist rituals and practices. In terms of practice, their essence is one, which to serve as skillful means, a method anyone can actually apply at all different states.
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