몽골과 중국의 다리강가 領有權 분쟁

Abstract

This study considers the territorial dispute over the Dariganga area between Mongolia and China that began after Mongolia declared its independence in 1911. Upon the declaration of independence, the regional domains of the Bogd government was limited to four, while all the other Mongolian settlements, including the frontiers of Khovd and Inner Mongolia, were still under the rule of the Qing Dynasty. Thus, as the Qing Dynasty collapsed in February 1912, with the exception of four Khalkha Aimags, the status of the Mongolian settlements that had been ruled by the Qing Dynasty remained ambiguous. Therefore, after the declaration of independence, the most important challenge that lay ahead for the Bogd government was to integrate the whole territory of the Mongolian settlements and then to make the Qing Dynasty (later the Republic of China) and the international community recognize the independence of Mongolia. To this end, the Bogd government had integrated the whole area of Western Mongolia by the end of August, 1911, and sent a letter recommending Inner Mongolia to revert voluntarily. While trying to invalidate the independence of Mongolia in an effort to succeed to the territory of the Qing Dynasty,the Beijing government also tried to include Mongolian settlements,especially Inner Mongolia, in its territory through appeasement, preference, and force. The intervention of Russia and Japan in Inner Mongolia made the issue more complicated. Russia and Japan signed agreements in 1907and 1910, respectively, stating that Outer Mongolia and northern Manchuria belonged to the Russian sphere of influence, and the Korean Peninsula and southern Manchuria to the Japanese sphere of influence. On July 8, 1912, the two countries signed the third Russo-Japanese agreement to expand their interests in Inner Mongolia and to mediate the issue. Both agreed to divide Inner Mongolia based upon the longitude at which Beijing was situated, establishing the area east of Inner Mongolia as the Japanese sphere of influence and the area west of Inner Mongolia as the Russian sphere of influence. Thus, the Mongolian territorial dispute appeared in a complicated manner by Russia and Japan in addition to the Bogd government and the Beijing government. In this situation, Mongolian nobles from many areas including Inner Mongolia were in awkward positions, and some sought to find a breakthrough, leaning on the power of foreign countries. To join in the Bogd government would be right in upholding a cause, but it would be difficult to turn their back on the Beijing government due to the close geographical location and practical interests. In fact, the responses of the Mongolian nobles to the request of reverting to the Bogd government varied. There were various types of responses: people who actively participated in the national integration initiated by the Bogd government from the beginning;people who sent someone to check on the course of events in the Bogd government; people who rejected the Bogd government’s request to revert; people who drifted between the Bogd government and the Beijing government; and people who sought a way out by relying on the foreign powers. One typical case is the Dariganga area located on the border of Mongolia. There had been an imperial pasture under the rule of the Qing Dynasty. Dariganga sum of Sukhbaatar Aimag, the southeastern part of today’s Mongolia, is relevant to this place. From ancient times,this place has been considered as a commercial and military hub due to the abundance of water and grass, and the narrowest width of desert among the Gobi areas between Inner Mongolia and Outer Mongolia. The imperial pasture, highly valued by the Qing Dynasty, had been managed by Chakhar tu-t’tung living in Zhangjiakou. While it was geographically located in Khalkha, the pasture of Dariganga was administratively under Chakhar tu-t’tung’s contol. Because of this, the status and affiliation of Dariganga had become ambiguous since the collapse of the Qing Dynasty and the establishment of the Bogd government. When neither the influence of the Bogd government nor the concern of the Beijing government could afford to reach the Dariganga area, its local residents split. Some tried to revert to the Bogd government while others tried to find a breakthrough in Zhangjiakou, where the Bogd government and the Beijing government had a territorial dispute that continued until 1962. Dariganga is the representative place where a conflict over sovereignty between Mongolia and China occurred in the modern and contemporary periods. The reason why that it took several decades for Mongolia and China to insist upon their own sovereignty over this area and eventually resolve the conflict is attributed not only to the superficial structure of the unique governance of the Dariganga pasture, but also to the historically special relationship between the two sides and the role of Russia (later the Soviet Union) as a moderator between the two sides. Thus, the territorial dispute over the Dariganga pasture is a significant challenge to understand the nature of the relationship between Mongolia and China. In fact, the issue of Dariganga reflects in some ways the attempt of China to have Mongolia under its sovereignty and the reactive nature of Mongolia in response, which has continued from 1911 until today, rather than just a territorial dispute. This study thus sought to understand the nature of the special relationship between Mongolia and China in the modern and contemporary periods, to explore the successive Chinese governments’ will of territorial expansion and its case, and to look for clues to the historical backgrounds of the “Chinese Threat” that recently proliferated among Mongolians. This study considered the territorial dispute over the reversion of the Dariganga pasture between Mongolia and China that had occurred since Mongolia’s declaration of independence in 1911, its conclusion, and the historical meanings of a series of consequences. Accordingly, this study covers the entire process beginning from the formation of the Dariganga pasture under the Qing Dynasty to the settlement of the territorial dispute over this place between Mongolia and China in 1962.