1964년 “자유여름”에서 성의 정치학
Sexual Politics in the 1964 Freedom Summer
1
조회
0
다운로드
2
인용
0
참고문헌
키워드
초록
미시시피 여름 프로젝트는 1964년 여름방학 동안 북부의 청년들을 모집해서 미시시피 흑인들의 유권자등록을 독려한 사건이다. 훗날 이 프로젝트는 “자유여름”이라 불렸다. 자유여름은 인종과 젠더, 섹슈얼리티가 뒤얽힌 역사적 사건이었다. 자유여름 내내 상이한 성과 계급, 인종 간의 차이가 드러나면서 격렬한 대립관계가 빚어진 한편 현실적인 소통 또한 모색되었다. 기존연구는 이러한 갈등과 대립, 소통 시도의 혼재를 자유여름의 한계나 문제점으로 평가했다. 하지만 오히려 이런 측면이야말로 자유여름의 가장 큰 의의이다. 흑백남녀의 인종 간 교제로 큰 이슈가 되었던 자유여름은 민권운동 내부에서 섹슈얼리티가 어떤 복잡한 관계를 형성하는지 잘 보여준다. 또 자유여름 내내 젠더문제로 흑인남성과 백인남성은 단일한 연대를 결성했지만, 흑인여성과 백인여성의 경우 전혀 다른 양상을 보였다. 이러한 사례들은 성의 문제가 사실상 대단히 복합적이며 성별문제에 인종과 계급의 요소가 결합될 때 또 다른, 다양한 권력관계가 형성됨을 보여준다. 이 글은 자유여름의 한가운데서 터져 나온 흑백남녀의 교제와 관련된 문제들을 검토함으로써 자유여름의 의미를 재조명할 것이다.
Abstract
The Mississippi Summer Project of 1964 was a campaign to encourage Mississippi blacks to register as voters by inviting northern youths to Mississippi during the summer. The project later became known as Freedom Summer. This paper examines Freedom Summer as a momentum in the history of the intersections of race, gender and sexuality. During Freedom Summer, differences of race, gender, and class, all created a condition that intensified inherent conflicts and tensions within the movement. However, beyond the enormous gap, people of various backgrounds, race, gender, and class tried to communicate with each other. Most studies of Freedom Summer neglected these differences, or tried to cover up many aspects of the movement, especially the intersections, conflicts and mutual understandings among the participants in terms of their gender, class and racial relations; they focused on Freedom Summer's outcomes in the civil rights movement. These conflicts and tensions are especially worthy of notice, because I think they are of significance to fully understand the Mississippi Summer Project. While women volunteers sometimes seemed to have the same experiences as their male colleagues, more often their life in Mississippi was different in both quality and texture, and they had to contend with many problems not shared by their male colleagues. Moreover, there were differences in the experiences of black and white women. When there were sexual problems on a project, black women remained bitterly divided from white women. While both black and white together, tried to show the nation what true racial equality could be, it did not occur to those involved to strive for sexual equality as well. Thus, this paper newly examines the meaning of Freedom Summer with a special focus on the meaning which sexuality had for the event.
참고문헌 (33)
- 김민아, "美‘미시시피버닝’ 41년만에 재수사", <경향신문>. 2005.6.22, ~ (2005)
- 김인선, "1964～1965년 미시시피 자유여름에서 백인여성의 경험과 젠더인식", 역사와경계, (60), pp.295~326 (2006), 부산경남사학회
- 김인선, "1964년 미시시피 자유여름에 대한 새로운 고찰: 지원자의 평가를 중심으로", 역사와경계, (75), pp.309~345 (2010), 부산경남사학회
- 알포트, 고든, "편견의 심리" (1993), 성원사
- 제이콥스, 해리엇, "린다 브렌트 이야기" (2011), 뿌리와 이파리
- 박미선, "흑인 페미니즘 사상" (2009), 여이연
- 화이어스톤, 슐라미스, "성의 변증법" (1996), 풀빛
- Baraka, Amiri, "Home: Social Essays" (1966), Morrow
- Beale, Frances, "Double Jeopardy: To Be Black and Female, In The Black Woman: An Anthology", pp.90~100 (1970), Signet
- Bond, Julian, "The Politics of Civil Rights History, In New Directions in Civil Rights Studies", pp.8~16 (1991), University of Virginia Press
- Chafe, William Henry, "The American Woman: Her Changing Social, Economic, and Political Roles, 1920-1970" (1972), Oxford University Press
- Echols, Alice, "Daring to Be Bad: Radical Feminism in America, 1967～1975" (1989), University of Minnesota Press
- Estes, Steve, "Engendering Movement Memories: Remembering Race & Gender in the Mississippi Movement, In The Civil Rights Movement in America Memory", pp.290~312 (2006), University of Georgia Press
- Evans, Sara, "Personal Politics: The Roots of Women's Liberation in the Civil Rights Movement and New Left" (1979), Vintage Books
- Hall, Jacqueline Dowd, "The Mind That Burns in Each Body: Women, Rape, and Racial Violence, In Powers of Desire: the Politics of Sexuality", pp.329~349 (1983), Monthly Review Press
- Huartado, Aida, "Relating to Privilege: Seduction and Rejection in the Subordination of White Women and Women of Color", Signs, 14(4), pp.833~855 (1989)
- Jacobs, Paul, "The New Radicals" (1966), Vintage
- Lorde, Audre, "Sister Outsider" (1984), Crossing Press
- Marshall, Annecka, "Sensuous Sapphires: a Study of the Social Construction of Black Female Sexuality, In Researching Women's Lives from a Feminist Perspective", pp.106~124 (1994), Taylor and Francis
- McAdam, Doug, "Freedom Summer" (1988), Oxford Univ. Press
- McAdam, Doug, "Gender as a Mediator of the Activist Experience: The Case of Freedom Summer", American Journal of Sociology, 97(5), pp.1211~1240 (1992)
- Olson, Lynne, "Freedom's Daughters: The Unsung Heroines of the Civil Rights Movement from 1830 to 1970" (1970), Scribner
- Poussaint, Alvin F., "The Stresses of the White Female Worker in the Civil Rights Movement in the South", American Journal of Psychiatry, 123(4), pp.401~407 (1966)
- Poussaint, Alvin F., "How the White Problem Spawned Black Poser", Ebony, 22, pp.88~94 (1967)
- Rachal, John R., "“The Long, Hot Summer”: The Mississippi Response to Freedom Summer, 1964", The Journal of Negro History, 84(4), pp.315~339 (1964)
- Rothschild, Mary Aickin, "White Women Volunteers in the Freedom Summers: Their Life and Work in Movement for Social Change", Feminist Studies, 5(3), pp.476~477 (1979)
- Rothschild, Mary Aickin, "A Case of Black and White: Northern Volunteers and the Southern Freedom Summers, 1964-65" (1982), Greenwood Press
- Sarachild, Kathie, "The Civil Rights Movement: Lessons for Women’s Liberation", Paper presented at The Sixties speak to the Eighties: A Conference on Activism and Social Change (1983), The Univ. of Massachusetts-Amherst
- Sellers, Clevelend, "The River of No Return: The Autobiography of a Black Militant and the Life and Death of SNCC" (1973), William Morrow
- Staples, Robert, "The Myth of Black Macho: A Response to Angry Black Feminist", Black Scholar, 10(6), pp.24~33 (1979)
- Sutherland, Elizabeth, "Letters from Mississippi: Reports from Civil Rights Volunteers & Poetry of the 1964 Freedom Summer" (1965), McGraw-Hill
- U.S. Bureau of the Census, "Statistical Abstract of the United States: 1963" (1963), U.S. Government Printing Office
- Wade-Gales, Gloria, "Rooted Against the Wind" (1996), Beacon