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1920년대 여성쿠클럭스클랜(Women of Ku Klux Klan)의 활동과 KKK의 성 정치

The Women of the Ku Klux Klan and Sexual Politics in the Ku Klux Klan in the 1920’s

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본 연구의 목적은 1920년대 쿠쿨럭스클랜(Ku Klux Klan; 이하 ‘클랜’으로 줄임) 운동에서 여성쿠클럭스클랜(이하 ‘여성클랜’으로 줄임) 활동의 의미를 여성사적 측면에서 고찰하는 것이다. 불타는 십자가 아래서 피의 맹세를 하며 흑인, 유대인, 가톨릭, 이민자를 상대로 극단적인 혐오와 폭력을 휘두른 클랜에 여성 단원이 있었다. 더 놀라운 것은 이 여성들이 적극적인 여성참정권 주창자였다는 사실이다. 지역 사회의 네트워크를 기반으로 클랜여성들은 선거 개입부터 로비활동, 문화선전, 자선사업, 교육개혁 및 마을정화운동을 전개하며 전 방위에서 극단적 백인우월주의 정치 실현에 앞장섰다. 1923년부터 1930년까지 여성클랜은 통상 150만의 대규모 회원을 자랑하는 전국 조직으로 성장한다. 1920년 여성참정권 획득 이후 전국 최대 규모의 가장 영향력 있는 우익단체가 된 것이다. 여성클랜은 클랜의 하부조직이 아님을 강조하며 미국 여성의 시대적 소명을 주창했다. 앞세대 페미니스트들이 전략적으로 가정을 이용해 여성의 정치 참여에 대한 공감을 끌어냈듯이, 이들 또한 가정의 수호와 여성성 보호를 앞세워 인종주의와 반(反)-가톨릭, 반(反)-유대인, 반(反)-이민의 깃발을 치켜들었고 미국 전역에서 여성들의 폭발적인 호응과 자발적 참여를 이끌어내는 데 성공했다. 여성클랜은 극우파 정치의 수동적 공모자가 아니라 인종주의에 자발적으로 참여하고 백인우월주의 유지에 적극 앞장선 주체적 행위자였다. 이 연구는 여성클랜 탄생을 통해 클랜의 이중적 성 도덕, 젠더 인식을 살펴봄으로써 극우정치운동이 성을 전유한 방식을 고찰하고자 한다.

Abstract

The purpose of this study is to examine the activities of the Women of Ku Klux Klan in the Ku Klux Klan movement in the 1920s from the perspective of women's history. There were the women who swore a bloody oath under a burning cross and wielded extreme hatred and violence against blacks, Jews, Catholics, and immigrants. Even more surprising was the fact that these women were active advocates for women's suffrage. Based on the network of the local community, the Women of Ku Klux Klan took the lead in realizing extreme white supremacy politics from election intervention to lobbying, cultural propaganda, charity work, education reform, and community cleanup. From 1923 to 1930, the Women's Klan grew into a national organization, boasting a massive membership of 1.5 million. In the 1920's, it has become one of the largest and most influential right-wing organization in the USA. Emphasizing that the Women’s KKK were not a sub-organization of the Ku Klux Klan, it advocated the vocation of American women. Just as the feminists of the previous generation strategically used the family to draw sympathy for women's political participation, they also put racism, anti-Catholic, and anti-Jewish by defending the family and protecting femininity. It succeeded in eliciting explosive responses and voluntary participation from women across the United States. The WKKK was not a passive accomplice in far-right politics, but a subjective actor who voluntarily participated in racism and actively took the lead in maintaining white supremacy. This study aims to examine the way in which the far-right political movement appropriated sex by examining the Klan's dual sexual morality through the birth of the Women of the Ku Klux Klan.

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