서구의 페미니스트 성 정치학: 그 지형과 쟁점들
Feminist Sexual Politics in the West: Its' Topography and Issues
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페미니즘과 성의 관계는 항상 복잡하고 양가적이었으며 다양한 이슈들을 둘러싸고 첨예한 논쟁들이 벌어짐으로써, 성 논의는 페미니즘 정치학에 있어서 가장 치열한 이 론적․실천적 각축장이 되었다. 본 논문에서는 서구, 그 중에서도 특히 미국에서 전개 된 페미니스트 성 정치학의 전개 과정과 그 정치적 의미를 ‘섹스/젠더’, ‘젠더/섹슈얼리 티’, ‘섹스/섹슈얼리티’라는 세 가지 틀을 중심으로 해서 살펴보고자 한다. 페미니즘의 두 번째 물결 초기에 페미니스트들은 여성 섹슈얼리티를 ‘젠더의 권력 작용’과 ‘이성애 중심주의’의 관점에서만 파악함으로써 젠더와 섹슈얼리티를 융합시켰 다. 반포르노 페미니스트들은 이런 입장에서 포르노, 성매매, 동성애, 성교육, 낙태 등 에 대한 반대 캠페인을 주도했다면, 반반포르노 페미니스트은 여성의 성행위에 대한 제약을 비판하고 성 해방을 주장하면서, 성교육, 성노동자와 동성애자의 조직화운동 등을 전개했다. 특히 성적 급진주의가 등장하면서 페미니스트 성 정치학은 성을 여성의 해방과 권 력부여의 중요한 계기로서 사고하기 시작한다. 이 과정에서 욕망하는 성적 주체로서 의 여성 그리고 여성들 간의 성애적 다양성 등이 논의되면서, ‘젠더 중심’의 성 논의는 ‘섹스와 섹슈얼리티 중심’의 성 논의로 전환된다. 그들은 섹스 내에 존재하는 권력이 쾌락의 원천일 수 있다는 사실을 인정하면서 성적 쾌락에 대한 페미니즘적 언어를 발전시켜 나가고자 했다. 이를 위해서는 다양한 성적 기호와 정향을 지닌 개인들의 자유와 자율성이 인정되고, 여성과 남성 모두를 아우르는 ‘정치적으로 지지받는 성적 실천’이 상상되고 이론화되어야 한다.
Abstract
The relationship of feminism to sexuality has always been complicated and ambivalent; a variety of issues around sexuality have shaped the arena of fierce contention in terms with both the theoretical and practical. This paper aims to examine the discourses and political meanings of feminist sexual politics in the U.S. in three divisions of sex/gender, gender/sexuality and sex/sexuality in order to show what influences and effects the socio-cultural discourses around the notion of gender exert on the understandings and representations on female sexuality and how woman's autonomous sexual subjectivity, her own sexual pleasure and fantasy can be theorized. The Second Wave of Feminism in their early days made an attempt to bring sexuality theory into gender theory and converge both of them by grasping female sexuality only in terms of the ‘power operation of gender’ and ‘heterosexism’. Anti-pornography feminists with the perspective especially led to build up the campaign against prostitution, homosexuality, sex education, abortion as well as pornography among people. On the contrary, anti-anti-pornography feminists criticized a sexual restriction on female, advocated a sexual liberation and organized the movements for sex-workers and homosexuals. Feminist sexual politics especially began to consider sexuality as a significant ground for female liberation and her empowerment, as sex radical feminists entered the field of sexual discourse and interrogated it. From the sex radical feminists' perspective, pleasure surpasses danger charged with female sexuality and women as sexual subjects are able to determine the rights on their own body. The provoking arguments of sex radical feminists distinguished biological ‘sex’, socio-cultural ‘gender’, and ‘sexuality’ as separate categories; subsequently, the centrality of gender got displaced into a wider spectrum of sexualities, in which women could recognize themselves as desiring sexual subjects and understand erotic diversities among them. With the works of sex radical feminists, the feminist sexual politics came to adopt a new axis of sexuality/gender and acknowledge that women’s desire and right in sexual acts and pleasure are crucial to the freedom and autonomy of individuals. Likewise, the concept of 'politically supported sexual practice' got redefined across diverse sexual practices and preferences. The conceptual and political transformation of sexuality has allowed women to address more effectively the repressive sexual regimes of their misogynist society and move more freely in sexual relations and practices.
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