16∼17세기 유럽의 지식구조와 미학(美學)의 성립 -철학과 미학의 학술적 독립과정을 중심으로-
The Knowledge Structure and Establishment of Aesthetics in the Modern Era in Europe
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본 논문은 16에서 17세기 유럽에서 새로운 지식의 구조와 양태가 성립되었던 과정과 그속에서 형성된 있었던 미학 학문의 성립과정을 근대철학의 담론사 안에서 검토하고자 한다. 이 작업은 근본적으로는 미학에 관한 좀 더 포괄적인 이해를 돕고, 더 나아가 ‘미학’이라는학문에 명확한 학술적 정체성 부여하는 것을 그 목적을 두고 있다. 중세에서 근대로 넘어가면서 신학에서 자유로워진 시대의 지식인들은 신학의 자리를 대신해줄 수 있는 새로운 지식구조를 모색하게 되었고, 이는 실질적으로 대학을 중심으로 한 학술구조의 변화로 이어졌다. 이 과정에서 새롭게 형성된 지식의 구조는 모든 지식을 동일한 원리로 설명해낼 수 있는 ‘통일성’의 원칙을 추구하였다. 이러한 통일성을 원칙으로 하고 있는 근대의 지식구조는 당시 지식 일반을 대표하는 근대철학의 학술 구조에 그대로 반영되어 있으며, 철학의 한 분야로 출현한 미학 또한 이러한 지식의 구조와 통일성의 원칙을 따르고 있다. 감성인식(Sensate Cognition)에 관한 논의는 통일성을 원칙으로 하던 합리주의 철학자들에게 있어 해결해야만 하는 하나의 과제로 대두되었는데, 이에 관한 담론들은 바움가르텐(Alexander Gottlieb Baumgarten, 1714-1762)과 칸트(Immanuel Kant, 1724-1804)의 미학에 결정적인 영향을 미쳤다. 따라서 본 논문에서는 이들 감성인식에 관한 담론들을 바탕으로 바움가르텐이 미학을 성립시키는 과정에서 가졌던 문제의식과 연구목적, 연구대상 그리고 이를 방법론을 구체적으로 살펴봄으로써 ‘미학’이 지니는 학문적 정체성을 더욱 명확히 하고자 한다.
Abstract
This paper examines the processes regarding how the new knowledge structure had been built up and how Aesthetics had been established as a formal study within the new knowledge formation, in the historical context of discussions on modern philosophy. This work essentially aims to provide a more comprehensive understanding of aesthetics, further more, to give clearer academic identity to the science of aesthetics. From the middle Ages to modern times of Europe, intellectuals who had got free from the restrain of theology sought for a new knowledge structure that could replace theology, which led to changes in academic structures centered on universities. During this process, the newly formed knowledge structure pursues the principle of ‘unification’ which can explain all kinds of knowledge via the same principles. This modern knowledge structure upon the principles of ‘unification’ is reflected in the academic structure of modern philosophy that was representing the general knowledge. Moreover, Aesthetics which had developed from Philosophy fitted into this new knowledge structure, as well as followed the principle of unity. The discussions on Sensate Cognitions have become a challenge to the rationalists, the philosophers who were strictly following the principle of unity, eventually, their discussions about Sensate Cognitions had a crucial impact on the aesthetics of Alexander G. Baumgarten (1731-1762) and Immanuel Kant (1724-1804). This research targets to examine the academic issue, research purposes, research subjects and methodologies in Baumgarten’s postulate. That, during his process of establishing Aesthetics as a new study based on the discourse regarding Sensate Cognition. Finally, this paper hereby intend to further clarify the academic identity of Aesthetics.
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