韓ㆍ中ㆍ日 경험의미의 문법적 실현에 관한 고찰 ― 트랜스 동아시아 언어 연구의 일례
A Study on the Grammatical Realization of ‘Experiential Meaning’ in East Asian Languages: An Example of Trans-East Asian Linguistic Investigation
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The ‘experiential meaning’ in Korean, Chinese, and Japanese is realized through different grammatical means. The constructions ‘-ㄴ 적(이) 있-’ in Korean and ‘-たことがある’ in Japanese share the commonality of being a periphrastic construction involving an existential verb. Meanwhile, the Korean construction ‘-었었-’ has been grammaticalized as a tense marker but originated from a meaning of ‘existence’ and developed to express ‘experiential meaning’. In contrast, the Chinese marker ‘过2’ has evolved from a meaning related to ‘movement’ to express ‘completion’ and ‘experiential meaning’. This study posits that the varying degrees of grammaticalization and specificity within each language are significant factors contributing to differences in temporal adverbs and verb usage. Additionally, this paper re-examines existing scholarly views on the conditions for the realization of ‘experiential meaning’. The essential conditions include ‘indefiniteness-unspecificity’ and ‘discontinuity’, while ‘repeatability’ is generally considered, except in cases involving widely accepted historical facts, where it may not apply as strictly. Korean, Chinese, and Japanese languages generally exhibit a hierarchy in the constraint on temporal adverbs, following the order ‘Japanese ＞ Korean ＞ Chinese’, with respect to whether the past event is distant or recent. However, this hierarchy does not always apply, particularly in cases of ‘socially conventionalized cognitive mechanisms’ or ‘events that are socially considered rare’. Specifically, in the case of rare events, Korean and Chinese show a variety of co-occurrences with temporal adverbs, while Japanese consistently aligns with non-specific past adverbs. This suggests that the experiential markers in Korean and Chinese may sometimes ignore the remoteness of the experience, while the Japanese marker ‘-たことがある’ remains restricted by its existential construction, continuing to enforce constraints related to temporal adverbs.
Abstract
The ‘experiential meaning’ in Korean, Chinese, and Japanese is realized through different grammatical means. The constructions ‘-ㄴ 적(이) 있-’ in Korean and ‘-たことがある’ in Japanese share the commonality of being a periphrastic construction involving an existential verb. Meanwhile, the Korean construction ‘-었었-’ has been grammaticalized as a tense marker but originated from a meaning of ‘existence’ and developed to express ‘experiential meaning’. In contrast, the Chinese marker ‘过2’ has evolved from a meaning related to ‘movement’ to express ‘completion’ and ‘experiential meaning’. This study posits that the varying degrees of grammaticalization and specificity within each language are significant factors contributing to differences in temporal adverbs and verb usage. Additionally, this paper re-examines existing scholarly views on the conditions for the realization of ‘experiential meaning’. The essential conditions include ‘indefiniteness-unspecificity’ and ‘discontinuity’, while ‘repeatability’ is generally considered, except in cases involving widely accepted historical facts, where it may not apply as strictly. Korean, Chinese, and Japanese languages generally exhibit a hierarchy in the constraint on temporal adverbs, following the order ‘Japanese ＞ Korean ＞ Chinese’, with respect to whether the past event is distant or recent. However, this hierarchy does not always apply, particularly in cases of ‘socially conventionalized cognitive mechanisms’ or ‘events that are socially considered rare’. Specifically, in the case of rare events, Korean and Chinese show a variety of co-occurrences with temporal adverbs, while Japanese consistently aligns with non-specific past adverbs. This suggests that the experiential markers in Korean and Chinese may sometimes ignore the remoteness of the experience, while the Japanese marker ‘-たことがある’ remains restricted by its existential construction, continuing to enforce constraints related to temporal adverbs.
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