17세기 이후 왕실의례용 기물조성 선수유기장인(善手鍮器匠人) 연구 －의궤 속 개성 유기장인의 사례를 중심으로－
Research on Brassware craftsmen who created royal ceremonial utensils since the 17th century
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본고에서는 17세기 이후 의궤 자료를 중심으로 유기장 선수장인이 많은 지역이라는 명성을 갖고 있었던 개성 유기장인의 활동상에 대해 분석한다. 그리고 조선말까지 이러한 명성이 어떻게 지속되고 변화되는지에 대해 연구했다. 조선시대 개성은 유기의 본고장으로 이름이 높았다. 이에 따라 17세기 개성의 유기 장인들은 왕실의 의례나 사신영접 등 각종 기물 조성에 ‘선수장인’이라는 칭호를 받으며 동원되었다. 이러한 개성 유기 장인의 활동 배경에는 유기 제작 원료 확보의 용이성과 수도 한양의 장인들이 제작하지 못하는 다양한 종류의 기물을 제작할 정도로 오랜 역사 속에서 축적된 기술력이 있었다. 18세기 초부터 개성유기 장인의 이러한 지위에 변화가 생기기 시작했다. 그리고 왕실 의례에 사용되는 최고급 유기 생산이 가능한 선수장인의 칭호는 안성맞춤이라는 말을 탄생시킬 정도로 조선후기 명성을 획득한 안성의 장인들에게 점차 옮겨 가게 되었다. 이는 조선후기 상업과 수공업의 발달 기운이 전국적으로 확산된 것과 관련된다. 이러한 기운 속에 안성장 등 전국적인 대장이 성장하였고, 이에 따라 안성 등지의 장인은 기존에 개성 유기장이 갖고 있었던 원료공급이나 상품 판매의 용이성이라는 이점을 두루 갖출 수 있었다. 더하여 유기 판매의 성장에 힘입어 제작 기술도 발달하여 새로운 유기 생산지의 장인은 기술력에 있어서도 개성 장인과 버금갈 정도가 되었다. 이러한 과정 속에 개성은 조선말기 독점적인 유기 명산지로서의 명성을 뒤로 하고 안성과 정주 납청정에 그 명성을 넘겨주게 되었다.
Abstract
Uigwe(The Royal Protocols) from the Joseon Dynasty contains relatively detailed records of items used in royal ceremonies and the craftsmen who produced them. In this paper, I analyze the activities of Yugi masters in Gaeseong and Anseong, which had a reputation as a region with many Yugijang masters, centering on Uigwe since the 17th century. And I studied how this reputation continued and changed until the end of the Joseon Dynasty. During the Joseon Dynasty, Gaeseong was famous as the home of Yugi. Accordingly, in the 17th century, the Yugijang(Brassware Craftsmen) of Gaeseong were mobilized under the title of ‘master craftsman’ to create various objects such as royal ceremonies and reception of envoys. At the time, the craftsmen in the capital were mainly involved in constructing the objects, but if the craftsmen in the capital were lacking in skills or the relevant technicians were not available, craftsmen in Gaeseong were usually involved in the construction of the objects. And in terms of the number of participants and the number of participating craftsmen, Gaeseong occupied an absolute position that could not be compared to other regions. The background of this Gaeseong Brassware craftsmen’s activities was the ease of securing raw materials such as copper and tin through trade with Japan. And there was a technological power accumulated in a long history enough to produce various kinds of goods that the craftsmen of capital Hanyang could not produce. In addition, in the city of Gaeseong, a village called “Jumchon” where the Brassware craftsmen gathered, and it was easy to transfer of these technologies and the sales of the produced goods were smooth. And there were many Brassware craftsmen. With these advantages, Gaeseong continued its reputation as the place of origin of Yugi(Brassware) until the mid Joseon Dynasty. From the mid-18th century, this fame of Gaeseong craftsmanship gradually moved to a new Yugi(Brassware) production area such as Anseong. Despite the development of Gaeseong commerce in the late Joseon Dynasty, the reputation of Gaeseong Yugi was transferred to newly emerged famous Yugi production areas such as Anseong. This is related to the spread of the development of commerce and handicrafts throughout the country in the late Joseon Dynasty. Against this background of the times, large nationwide markets such as Anseong grew based on developed transportation routes, and as a result, artisans in regions such as Anseong were able to enjoy the advantages of raw material supply and ease of product sales that Gaeseong Yugijang previously had. In addition, thanks to the growth of sales of Yugi products as a commodity, the production technology has developed, and as a result, the craftsmen of the new Yugi production areas have become comparable to the craftsmen of Gaeseong in terms of technical skills. In this process, in the late Joseon Dynasty, when commerce and craftsmanship were developing significantly, Gaeseong left behind its previous reputation as an exclusive Yugi production center and passed its reputation to Anseong and Napcheongjeong in Jeongju, North Pyongan Province. And currently, in South Korea, the Yugi production tradition, which is one of the traditional material cultures, is continuing, centered on artisans from these two regions.