행복추구권의 기원과 본질
Origins & Nature of Right to the Pursuit of Happiness
1
조회
0
다운로드
24
인용
0
참고문헌
키워드
초록
행복추구권이 1980년 한국헌법에 등장한 이래로 많은 학자들은 이를 모호하거나 불필요한 규정이라고 지적하였다. 이 글에서 필자는 행복추구권의 기원과 본질을 밝히려고 시도하였다. 역사적으로 행복추구권은 버지니아 권리선언과 미국독립선언에서 처음 등장하였다. 대체로 미국이나 한국의 주류법학은 행복추구권의 기원과 의미를 로크적 자유주의 틀 안에서 접근한다. 국가의 적극적 의무를 배제하고 있다. 이 글은 로크적 맥락 이외에 다양한 기원들을 제시하였다. 스코틀랜드 도덕감정이론가, 공리주의자들, 대륙의 자연법이론가들도 상이한 행복관념을 발전시켜 미국의 지식인들에게 상당한 영향력을 행사하였다. 다양한 기원을 고려할 때 행복추구권에 대한 접근은 자유주의적 입장, 공화주의적 입장, 평등주의적 입장으로 나눌 수 있다. 자유주의는 행복추구권을 소극적 자유의 관점에서 이해하고, 공화주의는 공적 행복, 덕, 공화주의적 자유의 관점에서 접근하고, 평등주의는 행복추구의 물적 조건을 형성시킬 국가의 책무 관점에서 규정한다. 한국헌법과 미국헌법의 구조와 역사의 차이를 볼 때 한국헌법의 해석이 미국의 자유주의적 주류해석을 따라야 할 이유는 없다. 결론적으로 행복추구는 경제적이고 실질적인 의미에서, 그리고 공동체적 관점에서 접근하는 것을 배제할 수 없다.
Abstract
Right to the pursuit of happiness(RPH) was laid down in the 1980 Constitution of Korea. Many scholars thought it unnecessary to newly adopt the RPH, for Korea Constitution includes all kinds of basic rights and even the clause of unenumerated rights. Moreover, they pointed the subjectivity and ambiguity of the meaning of the RPH. This essay aims at searching for the possible origin(s) and nature of the RPH. The RPH found the first expression in the Virginia Declaration of Rights drafted by George Mason. Afterwards, Thomas Jefferson defined the RPH as an inalienable right in U.S Declaration of Independence. The happiness/safety as governmental purpose language and/or the RPH as right language were widely accepted among many state constitutions. But U.S. mainstream jurisprudence denies the status of the RPH as a U.S. constitutional right and insists “no affirmative duty of government” doctrine. U.S. mainstream jurisprudence liberalizes U.S. Constitution to the utmost. The origin of American libertarianism is regarded as the political philosophy of John Locke. Locke is not the only origin of RPH, although he had great influence on Jefferson’s drafting U.S. Declaration of Independence. Alternative revisionists offer a long list of philosophers who had deep influence on inventing America. The Scotish Enlightenment/Moral Sense Theorists and Continental rationalist natural law theorists are named as alternative orientations. The meaning of happiness of both philosophies is not liberal, but communitarian or social-welfarist in the european sense. This article differentiates three approaches to the nature of the RPH. The first libertarian approach tries to interpret the RPH in terms of individual freedom or negative liberty. The second republican version is to emphasize the public happiness in the sense of republican virtue, participation or civility. The third egalitarian interpretation tries to found social welfare rights on the basis of the RPH. In conclusion, the RPH has the different origins and some conflicting meanings. Nonetheless, Korea Supreme Court and Constitutional Court follow the American mainstream jurisprudence, regardless of the differences in structure and history of constitution between Korea and U.S.A.
참고문헌 (58)
- 김철수, "학설판례 헌법학(상)" (2008), 박영사
- 성낙인, "헌법학" (2008), 법문사
- 양건, "헌법강의(I)" (2007), 법문사
- 정경희, "中道의 정치:미국 헌법 제정사" (2001), 서울대학교출판부
- "The Declaration of Independence of the United States of America"[URL]
- Adler, Mortimer J., "WE HOLD THESE TRUTHS" (1987), Macmillan
- Appleby, Joyce, "Jefferson: Political Writings" (1999), Cambridge University Press
- Arnold, Thurman, "apologia for jurisprudence", Yale Law Journal, 44 (1935)
- Aristoteles, "수사학I" (2007), 리젬
- Bailyn,Bernard, "The Ideological Origins of the American Revolution" (1967), Belknap Press
- Becker,Carl, "The Declaration of Independence" (1942), Vintage Books
- Black Charles L., "Further Reflections of the Constitutional Justice of Livelihood", Columbia Law Review, 86 (1986)
- Black , Charles L., "A New Birth of Freedom: Human Rights", pp.1997, Grosset
- Boyce, Bret, "Originalism and the Fourteenth Amendment", Wake Forest Law Review, 33 (1998)
- "THE PRINCIPLES OF NATURAL LAW"[URL]
- Cook, George Allan, "John Wise Early American Democrat" (1966), Octagon Books
- "The Inspiration of Declaration"[URL]
- Doughten, Robert, "Filling Everyone’s Bowl: A Call to affirm a positive right to minimum welfare guarantees and shelter in state constitutions to satisfy international standard of human decency", Ganzaga Law Rev, 39 (2003)
- Edelman, Peter B., "The Next Century of Our Constitution:Rethinking Our Duty to the Poor", Hastings Law Journal, 39 (1987)
- Forbath, William E., "Constitutional Welfare Rights: A History, Critique and Reconstruction", Fordham Law Review, 69 (2001)
- Gerber, Scott Douglas, "To Secure These Rights: The Declaration of Independence and Constitutional Interpretation" (1995), New York University Press
- Grodin, Joseph R., "Rediscovering the State Constitutional Right to Happiness and Safety", Hastings Constitutional Law Quarterly, 25 (1997)
- Haines, Charles Grove, "Revival of Natural Law Concepts: Chapter III American and French Natural Law Doctrines" (1930), Harvard University Press
- Hamilton, "페더럴리스트 페이퍼" (1995), 한울
- Hamowy, Ronald, "Jefferson and the Scottish Enlightenment: A Critique of Garry Wills’s Inventing America: Jefferson’s Declaration of Independence", William & Mary Quarterly, 36 (1979)
- Heymsfeld, Carla R., "GEORGE MASON: Father of the Bill of Rights" (1991), Patriotic Education
- Hommes, Hendrik Jan van Eikema, "Major Trends in the History of Legal Philosophy" (1979), North-Holland
- Huhn, Wilson R., "THE STATE ACTION DOCTRINE AND THE PRINCIPLE OF DEMOCRATIC CHOICE", Hofstra Law Review, 34 (2007)
- Hunt, Lynn, "Inventing Human Rights" (2007), Norton & Company
- Jayne, Allen, "Jefferson’s Declaration of Independence: Origins, Philosophy, and Theology" (1998), University Press of Kentucky
- Jones, Howard Mumford, "The Pursuit of Happiness" (1953), Harvard University Press
- Koch, Adrienne, "The Life and Selected Writings of Thomas Jefferson" (2004), The Modern Library
- Keller, Linda M., "The American Rejection of Economic Rights as Human Rights & The Declaration of Independence: Does the Pursuit of Happiness Require Basic Economic Rights", New York Law School Journal of Human Rights, 19 (2003)
- Kersting, Wolfgang, "Wohlgeordnete Freiheit" (1993), Suhrkamp
- "An Essay concerning Human Understanding"[URL]
- Lockwood, Bert B., "LITIGATING STATE CONSTITUTIONAL RIGHTS TO HAPPINESS AND SAFETY:A STRATEGY FOR ENSURING THE PROVISION OF BASIC NEEDS TO THE POOR", William and Mary Bill of Rights Journal, 1 (1993)
- Luf, Gerhard, "Freiheit und Gleichheit: Die Aktualit? im politischen Denken Kants", pp.1978, Wien
- Macpherson, Crawford Brough, "자유민주주의에 희망은 있는가?" (1992), 범우사
- Matthews, Richard, "The Radical Politics of Thomas Jefferson" (1984), University Press of Kansas
- ?Michelman, Frank I, "Forward: On Protecting the Poor Through the Fourteenth Amendment", Harvard Law Review, 83 (1969)
- ?Michelman, Frank I., "Possession VS. Distribution IN The Constitutional Idea of Property", Iowa Law Review, 72 (1987)
- Park, Ann I., "Human Rights and Basic Needs: Using international Huamn Rights Norms to inform constitutional Interpretation", UCLA Law Review, 34 (1987)
- Pettit, Philip, "Republicanism: A Theory of Freedom and Government" (1997), Oxford University Press
- Procter, James, "지금 스튜어트 홀" (2006), 앨피
- Robbins, Caroline, "Eighteenth-Century Commonwealthman" (1959), Amagi
- "Life, Liberty and The Pursuit of Happiness: How theNatural Law Concept of Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Inspired America’s Founding Fathers"[URL]
- Sager, Lawrence G., "Thin Constitutions and the Good Society", Fordham Law Review, 69 (2001)
- Spaemann, Robert, "Gluck, Gluckseligkeit", Historisches Worterbuch der Philosophie, 3 (1974), Schwabe & Co.
- Tocqueville, Alexis de, "미국민주주의 I" (1997), 한길사
- Treanor, William Michael, "TAKING TEXT TOO SERIOUSLY:MODERN TEXTUALISM,ORIGINAL MEANING,AND THE CASE OF AMAR’S BILL OF RIGHTS", Michigan Law Review, 106 (2007)
- Vattel, E. de, "The Law Of Nations Or The Principles of Natural Law" (1916), The Press of Gibson Bros.
- Viroli, "공화주의" (2007)
- West, Robin, "Rights,Capabilities,and the Good Society", Fordham Law Review, 69 (2001)
- Wills, Garry, "Inventing America, Mariner Books, 2002; Allen Jayne, Jefferson’s Declaration of Independence: Origins" (1998), University Press of Kentucky
- Wolff, Christian, "Jus Gentium Methodo Scientifica Pertractatum" (1934), Oxford at the Clarendon Press
- Wood, Gordon S., "The Radicalism of the American Revolution" (1991), Vintage
- Yabrough, Jean M., "American Virtue" (1998), University Press of Kansas
- Zinn, Howard, "A People’s History of the United States" (1995), Harper