고전기 아테네의 여성에 관한 고찰 : 서기전 5세기 도기화 속 이상적 여성상과 낭만적 결혼관을 중심으로
The Imagery of Ideal Women and Romantic Married Life in Attic Red Figure Vase Paintings : Some Thoughts on Athenian Female Citizens in the 5th century B.C.E.
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초록
서기전 5세기경에 제작된 아티카의 적화식 도기 가운데 여성들이 주로 사용하던 루트로포로스(loutrophoros)와 픽시스(pyxis), 알라바스트론(alabastron), 에피네트론(epinetron) 등의 유형에는 신이나 영웅이 아닌 일반 여성들의 결혼식이나 가내 장면과 같은 일상이 재현되어 있어서 아테네인들의 여성관과 결혼관을 유추해 볼 수 있는 자료로 유용하다. 이들 도기는 종교나 축제활동, 여가시간을 보낼 수 있는 아테네 자유민 여성이 사용하던 것이지만, 그 생산자와 구매자는 그들이 아니었다. 따라서 이들 도기화에서 재현된 이미지는 당시 아테네 남성들에 의해 형성된 관점을 담고 있다고 할 수 있다. 본 논문은 결혼식과 가내 장면의 도기화에서 이상적 여성상과 낭만적 결혼관을 살펴보고 이들 도기화가 등장한 배경을 5세기경 아테네의 자유민 여성의 지위와 역할의 변화와 연관해 추론해보고자 한다. 이들 도기화는 신랑과 신부가 결혼식에서 치르거나, 존경할만한 아테네의 시민 여성이 가족을 잘 보살피고 가내에서 자신의 의무들을 성실히 수행하는 장면을 담고 있다. 예를 들어, 부부의 사랑과 애정의 감정적 표현은 에로스의 존재로 부각되거나, 가내를 배경으로 아름다운 아내들은 치장을 하고, 여가시간에 애완동물을 돌보며, 적법한 자손인 아들을 낳고, 가족을 위한 옷감을 생산하고 남편에게 애정이 담긴 선물을 받는 장면들이 대표적이다. 이상적 아내상과 낭만적 결혼(생활)은 에로스와 출입문이라는 시각적 요소를 통해 암시되는데, 특히 집이라는 공간을 드러내는 출입문의 설정은 존경할만한 여성이 그들의 가능한 모든 활동을 해결하는 곳을 규정하는 역할을 한다. 아테네의 여성들에게 현실에서의 결혼생활은 낭만적이거나 여유로운 것은 아니었음에도, 이들 이미지가 5세기경에 큰 인기를 누린 것은 이 시기 아테네 여성들의 지위에 어떤 추측가능한 변화를 통해 설명될 수 있다. 아테네에서 자유민 여성의 지위 변화는 페리클레스의 시민권 법령(451/450년)에 반영되거나 촉발된 것으로 보이는데, 이 법령에 따라 이들은 어느 때보다도 자신들의 법적 권한의 중요성을 강화할 수 있게 된다. 그리고 펠로폰네소스 전쟁의 첫해에 장례식 연설(431년)에서 페리클레스가 아테네의 전사자 아내들에게 외부에서 그들의 언행을 조심하도록 경고한 것과 데모스테네스와 아리스토파네스가 아고라에서 상업활동을 하던 여성들에 관해 전하는 글을 통해서 당시 여성들의 행동이 남성들의 기대와 다른 방향으로 변화했음을 감지할 수 있다. 이 증거들은 5세기 내내 지속된 아테네와 페르시아와 여타의 폴리스들과의 군사적 갈등 상황이 여성의 지위 변화를 촉진시켰을 가능성을 제기한다. 즉, 전시상황 동안에 남편들의 오랜 부재로 아테네의 아내들이 자녀와 가족의 부양을 위해서 집안에서뿐만 아니라 집밖에서도 좀 더 독립적으로 활동했음을 추론해 볼 수 있다. 따라서 앞서 살펴본 5세기 여성용 도기의 도기화들은 여성과 결혼(생활)에 관한 남성들의 보수적인 관점이 강화되는 분위기 속에서 사랑받고 존경할만한 아내와 폴리스에서 기대되는 바람직한 어머니로서의 역할을 다 하는 여성들의 모습을 재현한 것으로 해석되며, 5세기경 이 도기화의 등장과 인기는 상황은 아테네의 사회적 불안과 전통적 남성영역의 축소라는 시민 남성의 위기의식을 반영한 것으로 추론해 볼 수 있다.
Abstract
In the 5th century B.C.E. wedding and domestic scenes on the surfaces of certain types of Greek vases (e.g. loutrophoroi, pyxides, alabastra and epinetra), which were used mostly by women for wedding or funeral rituals or adornment, depict nondivine women’s everyday life and offer evidences to infer the viewpoint of Athenians on the marital life and women’s behavior. Though the vases were used by Athenian freeborn women who could afford to engage in religious rituals and festivals and had leisure time, they were produced by male vase painters and were not purchased by the female users, who were not allowed to leave their homes freely. Therefore, it is reasonable to be thought that the vase paintings contain scenes showing the stereotyped viewpoints of contemporary Athenian males. This article is aimed at studying the imagery of ideal women and romantic marital life as showing in the wedding and domestic scenes and inferring the reasons for the popularity of the vase paintings in relation with the probable changes of the role of Athenian female citizens. On the vase paintings bridegroom and bride march on their wedding day, and Athenian freeborn wives maintain household and complete all of their duties successfully in domestic setting. For examples, the emotional expression of love and affection between the husband and wife is highlighted by the existence of Erotes, beautiful wives adorn themselves or happy wives keep pets leisurely, welltodo wives produce sons as legitimate heirs, sincere wives make wools for the family or receive loving gifts from husbands. The images of ideal wives and romantic marital life on the vase paintings are alluded to by some visual elements, such as Erotes and doorways. Particularly the doorway confirmed the domestic setting as the defined the space where respectable women perform their all permitted household activities. Though the actual married life of the Athenian women could not have always been romantic and leisurely, the popularity of the ideal imagery in the 5th century B.C.E. could be understood by some probable changes of the role of the Athenian freeborn women. Such changes were thought to have been caused by or affected by the so called “Perklean citizenship law (451/450 B.C.E.)” that reinforced the importance of their legal rights more than ever. In addition, the changes might have been stimulated by the chained battles and wars of the Athenians against Persia and other poleis all throughout the 5th century, since there are some written sources evidencing that the Athenian women were defying the Athenian men’s expectations: in the funeral speech in the first year of the Peloponnesian Wars (431 B.C.E.) Perikles warned the widows of Athenian soldiers to curb their words and behaviors and Demosthenes and Aristophanes wrote about some women sellers in Agora. Therefore, it is inferred that the long absence of the Athenian husbands helped the Athenian wives become more independent in order to keep their children and to take care of their family not only within the home but also outside of it.
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