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시진핑 시기 중국 집단시위 대응 전략의 변화

Popular Protests and Government’s Counter-strategies in Xi Jinping’s China

김진용
국가안보전략연구원 (Institute for National Security Strategy)|2022.12|국가안보와 전략 (National Security and Strategy)|제22권 제4호|pp. 1-36

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집단시위Coercive StrategyConcession Strategy시진핑 시기디지털 감시강제전략양보전략예방적 통제The Xi Jinping EraPopular ProtestDigital SurveillanceProactive Repression
주제분류정치외교학

초록

이 연구는 2000년 이후 폭발적으로 증가했던 중국의 집단시위가 시진핑시기에 접어들어 어떤 변인으로 급격히 감소했는지를 규명했다. 우선 시진핑 지도부는 중앙과 지방의 분리된 통제 방식을 벗어나 중앙 주도의 통합된하향식 통제 방식을 채택했다. 이것은 집단시위 발생 시, 양보전략과 강제전략을 혼용했던 방식에서 강제전략만을 구사하겠다는 것을 의미한다. 이어서 시진핑 지도부는 집단시위 자체를 사회 문제가 아닌 국가 안보 위협으로 규정해 강경전략을 전개했다. 이런 상황에서 중국은 시위 발생 후 사후대처했던 반응적 통제 방식에서 예방적 통제로 전환했다. 무엇보다도 중국에서는 막대한 치안 예산 투입과 첨단 기술의 발전이 맞물려 대규모 디지털감시 체제 구축이 가능했다. 그 결과 중국은 인민들을 전방위로 감시해 선제적인 시위 통제가 가능하며, 시위 발생 초기부터 확산을 원천 봉쇄할 수있다.

Abstract

This study aims identify the factors behind the steep decline in popular protests in China, which had increased exponentially since 2000, with the commencement of the rule of Xi Jinping. The Xi Jinping regime adopted a centralized top-down governing method, instead of a ruling system with a separation between the central government and regions. In addition, the Xi administration defined popular protests as a threat to national security, not a social problem, taking a strong stance against them. In this situation, China shifted from a reactive repression, under which the government took necessary actions after protests, to a proactive repression. Above all, China has established a large-scale digital surveillance system through the allocation of significant budgets for security and the development of digital technology. Consequently, China can repress protests preemptively by watching people in every direction, precluding the proliferation of popular protests in their beginning phase.

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