중국 중앙-지방정부 간 관계와 토지 수용 제도 개혁
Central-Local Government Relations and Land Expropriation System Reform in China
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초록
중국의 토지개발은 경제성장의 핵심 동력이자 농민들의 불만과 저항을 유발하는 주요 원인 중 하나였다. 기존 연구들은 주로 농민 저항과 지방정부의 대응에 중점을 두었으나, 중앙정부의 정책 대응과 중앙-지방정부 간 관계가 이러한 정책 대응성에 미치는 영향에 대한 연구는 상대적으로 미흡하다. 본 연구는 중앙정부의 토지 수용 제도 개혁을 분석하고, 중앙-지방정부 간 상호작용이 토지 수용 정책에 어떤 변화를 가져왔는지 탐구한다. 특히, 중앙정부가 대규모 시위를 방지하기 위해 농민 친화적 정책 개혁을 추진했음을 밝혀낸다. 중앙집권화의 강화는 지방정부의 입법 및 집행 저항을 극복하는 중요한 수단으로 작용하며, 후진타오 정부와 시진핑 정부의 개혁 비교를 통해 시진핑 정부 시기에 중앙집권화의 강화가 농민에 대한 정책 대응성을 높였음을 발견하였다. 본 연구는 중앙정부의 역할을 조명함으로써 기존의 지방정부 중심 토지 수용 연구를 보완하고, 중국 정책 대응성 연구에 새로운 통찰을 제공한다.
Abstract
Land development has been a critical driver of China’s economic growth, while simultaneously serving as a primary source of grievances and resistance among rural farmers. Existing studies have largely focused on peasant resistance and local governments’ responses, leaving a gap in understanding the role of the central government and its interactions with local authorities in shaping policies. This study analyzes the land expropriation system reforms led by China’s central government and investigates how central-local government relations influence policy changes in land expropriation. It reveals that the central government has promoted peasant-friendly reforms to prevent large-scale protests that could threaten political stability. Strengthened centralization has played a crucial role in overcoming local governments’ legislative and administrative resistance to these reforms. By comparing the land expropriation reforms under Hu Jintao and Xi Jinping administrations, this study finds that enhanced centralization during the Xi administration effectively mitigated local resistance and improved the government’s responsiveness to peasant demands. This research highlights the central government’s role, complementing previous studies centered on local governments, and offers new insights into the dynamics of policy responsiveness in China.
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