중국 집단시위 네트워크 형성에 관한 연구: 시위대는 어떻게 네트워크를 구축하는가?
Study on Collective Protest Network in China: How Do Protesters form a Network?
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초록
정치과정모델에서 대중이 동원되어 집단시위로 이어지려면 정치적 기회, 저항 대상을 설정하여 대항할 수 있는 공유된 인식, 그리고 이러한 기회를 이용해 시위 네트워크를 구성할 수 있는 조직력이 융합되어야 한다. 본 연구의 목적은 상기 3가지 시위발발 조건 중 조직력에 초점을 두어, 저항자가 그들의 목적을 관철하기 위해 어떻게 네트워크를 형성하여 체계적인 시위를 진행할 수 있는지 규명하는 것이다. 시위 네트워크 구성 관점에서, 중국 집단시위는 크게 우발적 시위와 계획된 시위로 분류되는데, 우발적 시위는 사건과 직접 연루되어 있지 않은 주변인의 시위 참여를 특징으로 하며, 이 유형의 시위는 억울한 일을 당한 농민공, 도시 거주민이 주축이 되어 이해 당사자와 주변인이 구전(口傳)을 통해 자발적으로 시위에 동참하게 하는 방식으로 네트워크를 형성한다. 반면, 계획된 시위는 지도부를 구성하여 시위대를 체계적으로 동원하는 방식으로 네트워크를 구성한다. 이들은 시위 대상과 목표를 명확히 규정할 줄 알고 대응전략을 만들어 지속적인 시위를 진행할 수 있다. 이와 더불어 현재 중국 집단시위 네트워크는 중국 전통 사회구조인 단웨이 시스템의 토대 위에, 문화대혁명 시기 조직적인 대중 동원 경험, 그리고 인터넷, 스마트폰 등 첨단장비가 융합되어 구축된다.
Abstract
In the 'political process model,' executing collective protests after mobilizing a massive amount of people requires integration of the following: 'political opportunity'; 'organizational strength' for shaping a collective protest network using such opportunity; 'shared cognitions' that allow the organization(network) to set a target and fight against it. The aim of this study is to identify how the protestors form a network and execute a demonstration in a systematic manner to accomplish their objectives. In doing so, this study will focus on the 'organizational strength,' among the three factors that lead to a demonstration above. There are two types of China's collective protests from the network formation standpoint: 'accidental protests' and 'planned protests.' In terms of 'accidental protests,' the network is formed by peasant workers(nongmingong) or urban residents who were treated unfairly and the network is joined by interested parties and people around the participants through word-of-mouth. As for 'planned protests,' on the other hand, the network is usually led by labor works or farmers who clearly set the target and goals for executing the demonstration and mobilize demonstrators in a systematic manner. Currently, collective protest network in China is mostly formed through integration of the following three factors: Danwei system, China's traditional social structure, as the basis; experience of mobilizing a massive amount of people in an systematic manner during the Cultural Revolution in China; state-of-the-art system and equipment such as the internet and smartphone.
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