코로나 팬데믹과 글로벌 보건 거버넌스: 실패 원인과 협력의 가능성
COVID-19 Pandemic and Global Health Governance: Causes of Its Failure and Possibility of Cooperation
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코로나19는 복잡하고 다층적인 이슈 연계망을 통해 개인의 안전에 영향을 미치는 이슈가 사회 공동체의 질서와 생존을 위협하는 신흥안보의 대표적인 사례가 되었다. 감염병은 이념과 국적을 초월하기 때문에 글로벌 협력이 비교적 용이하다고 알려져 있다. 하지만 코로나19를 둘러싼 행위자 사이의 이해관계의 충돌은 글로벌 공공재로서 보건을 추구하는 글로벌 보건 거버넌스의 기능을 저해하는 수준으로 확대되었다. 분석 수준별로 다음과 같은 분석이 가능하다. 첫째, 미중 강대국 패권경쟁이 보건 영역으로 전이되었기 때문이다. 둘째, 국제기구로서 WHO의 자율성 추구가 정치적 논리로 변질되어 글로벌 보건 네트워크의 중심으로서의 신뢰를 실추했기 때문이다. 셋째, 트럼프 행정부의 보건안보정책 실패가 글로벌 보건안보협력에서의 미국의 리더십을 저해하여 위기 상황에서 보건안보협력의 기제가 정상적으로 작동하지 못했기 때문이다. 포스트-코로나 시대 글로벌 보건 거버넌스가 다시 회복하기 위해서는 백신의 안정적인 공급과 함께 WHO가 중심 역할을 올바르게 수행해야 하고, 미국의 보건안보 리더십이 회복되어야 한다. 또한 코로나 팬데믹을 계기로 새로운 신기술을 보건협력에 적용할 수 있는 정책들이 개발되어야 한다.
Abstract
COVID-19 has become an example of emerging security in which problems affecting individual safety threaten the order of society through complex networks. Since infectious diseases affect everyone regardless of ideology and nationality, global cooperation in health seems relatively easy. However, actors facing the pandemic show a severe conflict of interest that undermines the function of global health governance. The following causes may be considered: First, the competition for hegemony between great powers has spilled over into the field of global health. Second, the WHO’s pursuit of autonomy has turned into a political power game between organizations and major countries, undermining WHO’s credibility as the hub of global health network. Third, the failure of the Trump administration’s health security policy weakened the US leadership in global health security cooperation, paralyzing health security mechanism in the Corona pandemic. In order to restore global health governance in the post-COVID era, the WHO must play a central role ensuring a stable supply of vaccines, and US’s health security leadership should be restored. And policies should be developed to apply new technologies including ICT and AI to global health cooperation.
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