전간기(戰間期) 영국, 미국, 일본의 항공모함 발전에 관한 비교분석
Comparative Analysis on the Inter-war Development of the Aircraft Carrier in Britain, the United States and Japan
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초록
항공기와 함선을 결합한 무기체계인 항공모함은 해전의 양상을 변화시킨 군사적 혁신의 대표적 사례이다. 제2차 세계대전을 통해 항공모함은 전함을 대신해 해전을 좌우하는 주역으로 떠오르게 됐다. 전간기 주요 항공모함 보유국이었던 영국, 미국, 일본은 항공모함의 전략적 가치를 정확히 인지하지 못했고, 이의 도입과 개발에 적극적인 자세를 견지하지 않았다. 전간기 정찰과 함포 탄착점 관제를 제공하던 수단이던 항공모함은 공격 중심의 역할로 변화되어 가면서 점진적 발전을 이룩했으나, 함대의 주공을 보조하는 역할에 머물렀다. 영ㆍ미ㆍ일이 직면했던 환경과 정치, 경제, 전략, 해군군축체제와 같은 다양한 요인들의 상이한 작용이 전간기 항공모함 발전과정에 영향을 미쳤다. 영국의 경우 전반적으로 항공모함 발전에 부정적 요인들이 많았으며, 특히 조직 환경이 그러했다. 이에 반해 미국과 일본의 상황은 양호했다. 그 결과 제2차 세계대전 직전 영국의 항공모함 전력은 전간기 초반의 우위를 이어가지 못해 미국과 일본의 항공모함 전력에 뒤쳐졌고, 일본은 태평양 전쟁 직전 우수한 항공모함 전력을 보유할 수 있었다.
Abstract
The Second World War witnessed the rise of the aircraft carrier as a leading actor, instead of the battleship, to dominate the outcome of maritime warfare. In the inter-war period, however, all three major carrier powers of Britain, the United States and Japan failed to correctly comprehend the strategic value of the carrier and they were not enthusiastic to introduce and develop the weapon. The inter-war evolution of aircraft carriers took the incremental transformation of a focused role from reconnaissance and spotting to an offensive mission, but the process was within the paradigm of auxiliary role to the battleship. The environments of the British, American and Japanese and the variant actions of variable influential factors such as politics, economy, strategy and the naval disarmament system wielded leverage to the development process of the carrier in each state. The general situation of Britain was unfavourable to the growth of the carrier, in particular the organizational environment was. In contrast, the situations of the United States and Japan were more generous to the development. Consequently, just before the Second World War, the British failure to last the initial superiority of the inter-war period positioned its carrier force behind the those of the latecomers, the United States and Japan. On the contrary, a competent carrier force belonged to Japan in the eve of the Pacific War.
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