미⋅중 해양 패권경쟁 : 서태평양 해역의 도련(島鏈) 개념을 중심으로
US-China Maritime Hegemony Competition: Focusing on the Island Chain Concept in the Western Pacific Region
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이 논문은 서태평양에 있는 섬(島)의 사슬(鏈), 즉 도련(島鏈) 개념을 중심으로 현재 진행되고 있는 미⋅중 해양 패권경쟁을 분석한다. 이를 위해이 도련 개념의 역사적 발전과정을 개괄적으로 살펴본 후, 오늘날 미⋅중패권경쟁 과정에서 이 개념이 어떻게 인식되고, 활용되며, 어떠한 상호작용을 유도하고 있는지 살펴본다. 이 논문은 분석을 통해 해양지리, 특히 도련 개념이 미⋅중 간 경쟁 과정에서 하나의 핵심요소로 기능하고 있음을 보여준다. 미국은 20세기 초부터서태평양의 군사전략으로 압도적인 해군⋅공군력을 기반으로 한 도서방위전략을 유지해 왔으며, 오늘날에도 중국이 태평양으로 확장하는 것을 저지하는 장벽으로서 제1도련을 중심으로 하는 지역 방위태세를 구축하고 있다. 한편 중국은 자국에 불리한 서태평양 내 해양지리학의 운명을 바꾸기 위해 남중국해에 인공도서의 건설 및 군사화를 추진하고 더 나아가 인도양과남서태평양 제2도련 해역으로의 진출을 모색하며 해군지리(naval geography) 를 바꾸고 있다. 반면, 미국은 중국의 해양 팽창을 차단하기 위해 제1, 2도련을 보강하거나, 확장하고 인도양에 새로운 도련을 설정하려 한다. 지정학은 국가의 운명을 제약하는 요소라는 전통적인 통념과는 달리, 이논문은 해양지정학은 고정된 그림이 아니고 하나의 과정으로서 끊임없이변화하는 것임을 보여준다. 이런 의미에서 저자는 현재 북한과의 군사대치로 인해 유라시아와 단절된 지정학적 특성을 감안할 때, 한국은 전략적으로 스스로를 ‘제1도련에 속한 해양국가’로 인식해야 한다고 제언한다.
Abstract
This paper analyzes the ongoing US-China maritime hegemonic competition centered on the concept of the island chain in the Western Pacific. To this end, after outlining the historical process of the development of the concept of the island chain, it examines how the concept is perceived, utilized, and what kind of interactions it induces in the process of the US-China hegemony competition today. Through analysis, this paper shows that maritime geography, especially the concept of the island chain, functions as a key element in the competition between the US and China. The US has been maintaining an island defense strategy supported by its overwhelming naval and air power as its Western Pacific military strategy since the early twentieth century, and even today, it maintains a regional defense posture centered on the First Island Chain as a barrier to intercept China’s expansion into the Pacific Ocean. Meanwhile, China is changing its naval geography by constructing and militarizing artificial islands in the South China Sea in order to change the fate of its unfavorable maritime geography in the Western Pacific, and is 66 _국가안보와 전략 | 제24권 3호(통권95호) further seeking to advance into the Indian Ocean and the Second Island Chain areas in the Southwest Pacific. On the other hand, the US is responding by reinforcing or expanding the First and Second Island Chains and establishing new island chains in the Indian Ocean in order to block China’s maritime expansion. Contrary to the traditional belief that geopolitics is a factor that limits a nation’s fate, this paper shows that maritime geopolitics is not a fixed picture but a process that constantly changes. In this sense, the author suggests that, given its geopolitical characteristics that are currently cut off from Eurasia due to its military standoff with North Korea, South Korea needs to strategically recognize itself as a ‘maritime nation belonging to the First Island Chain.’
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