레오 스트라우스와 한나 아렌트의 권리 사상에서 엿보이는 독일 보수주의의 진화
The Evolution of German Conservatism in the Rights Thought of Leo Strauss and Hannah Arendt
0
조회
0
다운로드
0
인용
0
참고문헌
키워드
초록
독일 보수주의의 사상적 세례를 받은 유대계 미국인 정치철학자 레 오 스트라우스와 한나 아렌트는 ‘정치적인 것’의 실종을 문제 삼으며 이를 극복하는 일환으로 근대 자연권과 인권 이념에 대한 비판 작업 에 나섰다. 이들에게 ‘권리’는 실정법적 조항이 아니라 기성 정치체제 를 뒤집어보는 비판적 준거를 제공했다. 자연권/인권 이념의 맹위와 그것의 필연적 위기를 만회하려 한 역사주의 및 역사적 필연성의 이 념에서 이들은 정치적 자유가 쇠퇴한 근본 원인을 찾았다. 이러한 발 상의 전개를 위해 당대 서독의 신보수주의는 주요한 지성적 원천이 되어주었다. 이처럼 출발선은 같았어도 양자는 문제의 핵심을 각기 다르게 파악 하고 서로 다른 결론에 도달했다. 스트라우스가 고대 정치철학으로 회귀하여 올바름의 기준을 모색하면서 귀족적 자유주의에 머물렀던 반면, 아렌트는 대중민주주의가 정치적 자유를 훼손한다고 보면서도 주권의 경계를 넘어 모든 인간에게 동등한 정치적 권리를 부여하는 길을 모색했다. 미지의 타자에게 인류에 속할 권리, 즉 권리를 가질 권리를 부여하는, 공통적인 인간 조건으로서의 출생 개념이야말로 아 렌트 인권론의 귀결점이었으며 이는 독일 보수주의의 진화를 이끌어 냈다. 본고는 현대 인권 이념이 하나의 역사적 계통에서 비롯된 것이 아니라 다양한 철학과 이념들이 충돌해온 격렬한 논쟁의 장임을 드러 내고자 했다.
Abstract
The Jewish-American political philosophers Leo Strauss and Hannah Arendt, baptized into the ideological fold of German conservatism, set out to critique modern natural and human rights in order to address the loss of the “political.” For them, “rights” were not a set of legal provisions, but rather a critical lens for overthrowing established political systems. In the ideology of historicism and historical inevitability, which sought to compensate for the ferocity of natural/human rights and their consequent crisis, they found the root cause of the decline of political freedom. The neo-conservatism of West Germany at the time was an important intellectual source for the development of these ideas. Despite this common starting point, the two masters grasped the core of the problem differently and came to different conclusions. Whereas Strauss remained in aristocratic liberalism, looking back to ancient political philosophy for a standard of righteousness, Arendt saw mass democracy as undermining political freedom and sought a way to transcend the limits of sovereignty and grant equal political rights to all human beings. The concept of natality as a common human condition that grants the unknown Other the right to belong to humanity, and thus the right to have rights, was the culmination of Arendt’s human rights theory, which led to the evolution of German conservatism. This article aims to demonstrate that modern human rights do not emerge from a single historical lineage, but rather are a fiercely contested field in which different philosophies and ideologies have clashed.
참고문헌 (75)
- Agamben, Giorgio, "Homo Sacer : Sovereign Power and Bare Life" (1998), Stanford University Press
- Amat, Dolores, "The Crisis of Modernity in The Works of Hannah Arendt and Leo Strauss : Differences That Clarify Common Problems", Las Torres de Lucca. International Journal of Political Philosophy, 8(15), pp.81~106 (2019)
- Arendt, Hannah, "The Origins of Totalitarianism" (2017), Penguin Books
- Arendt, Hannah, "Between Past and Present" (2006), Penguin Books
- Arendt, Hannah., "The Human Condition" (1998), The University of Chicago Press
- Arendt, Hannah, "Über die Revolution" (1965), R. Piper &Co. Verlag
- Arendt, Hannah, "Was bleibt, sind Fragen. Die klassischen Interviews" (2000), Edition Ost
- Arendt, Hannah, "The Jewish Writings" (2007), Schocken Books
- Barash, Jeffrey Andrew., "Heidegger und der Historismus: Sinn der Geschichte und Geschichtlichkeit des Sinns" (1999), Königshausen & Neumann
- Beiner, Ronald, "Hannah Arendt and Leo Strauss : The Uncommenced Dialogue", Political Theory, 18(2), pp.238~254 (1990)
- Birmingham, Peg., "Hannah Arendt and Human Rights : The Predicament of Common Responsibility" (2006), Indiana University Press
- Drury, Shadia., "The Political Ideas of Leo Strauss" (1988), St. Martin’s Press
- Fritzsche, Peter., "Stranded in the Present : Modern Time and the Melancholy of History" (2004), Harvard University Press
- Gines, Kathryn T., "Hannah Arendt and the Negro Question" (2014), Indiana University Press
- Gottfried, Paul Edward., "Leo Strauss and the Conservative Movement in America : A Critical Appraisal" (2012), Cambridge University Press
- Heidegger, Martin, "Sein und Zeit" (2001), Niemeyer
- Heussi, Karl., "Die Krisis des Historismus" (1932), Mohr
- Huhnholz, Sebastian., "Von Carl Schmitt zu Hannah Arendt" (2019), Duncker & Humblot
- Iggers, Georg G., "The German Conception of History : The National Tradition of Historical Thought from Herder to the Present" (1984), Wesleyan University Press
- Ignatieff, Michael., "Human Rights as Politics and Idolatry" (2001), Princeton University Press
- Ingram, James D, "What is a ‘Right to Have Rights’? Three Images of the Politics of Human Rights", The American Political Science Review, 102(4), pp.401~416 (2008)
- Jaffa, Harry., "Crisis of the Strauss Divided : Essays on Leo Strauss and Straussianism, East and West" (2012), Rowman & Littlefield
- Janssens, David., "Between Athens and Jerusalem : Philosophy, Prophesy, and Politics in Leo Strauss’s Early Thought" (2008), SUNY Press
- "Leo Strauss, the Conservative Revolution, & National Socialism, Part 1" (2013)[URL]
- Jünger, Ernst., "Der Arbeiter : Herrschaft und Gestalt" (1932), Hanseatische Verlagsanstalt
- Keedus, Liisi., "The Crisis of German Historicism : The Early Political Thought of Hannah Arendt and Leo Strauss" (2015), Cambridge University Press
- Kielmansegg, Peter G., "Hannah Arendt and Leo Strauss :German Émigré and American Political Thought After World War II" (1997), Cambridge University Press
- Koselleck, Reinhart, "Kritik und Krise : Eine Studie zur Pathogenese der bürgerlichen Welt" (1992), Suhrkamp
- Laak, Dirk van., "Gespräche in der Sicherheit des Schweigens : Carl Schmitt in der politischen Geistesgeschichte der Bundespublik" (1993), Akademie Verlag
- Maier-Katkin, Daniel., "Stranger from Abroad : Hannah Arendt, Martin Heidegger, Friendship and Forgiveness" (2010), W. W. Norton &Company
- Marchand, Suzanne L, "Down from Olympus: Archaeology and Philhellenism in Germany, 1750~1970" (1970), Princeton University Press
- Meier, Heinrich., "Carl Schmitt, Leo Strauss und “Der Begriff des Politischen” : Zu einem Dialog unter Abwesenden" (2013), J. B. Metzler
- Melzer, Arthur M., "Philosophy Between the Lines : The Lost History of Esoteric Writing" (2014), The University of Chicago Press
- Moeller van den Bruck, Arthur., "Das Dritte Reich" (1931), Hanseatische Verlagsanstalt
- Norton, Anne., "Leo Strauss and the Politics of American Empire" (2004), Yale University Press
- Oexle, Otto Gerhard, "Krise des Historismus - Krise der Wirklichkeit: Wissenschaft, Kunst und Literatur 1880-1932" (1932), Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht
- Pfahl-Traughber, Armin, "Konservative Revolution und Neue Rechte :Rechtsextremistische Intellektuelle gegen den demokratischen Verfassungsstaat" (1998), Opladen
- Rancière, Jacques., "Dissensus : On Politics and Aesthetics" (2012), Continuum International Publishing Group
- Saage, Richard., "Rückkehr zum starken Staat? Studien über Konservatismus, Faschismus und Demokratie" (1983), Suhrkamp
- Schaap, Andrew, "Enacting the right to have rights : Jacques Rancière’s critique of Hannah Arendt", European Journal of Political Theory, 10(1), pp.22~45 (2011)
- Scheuerman, William E., "Law as Politics : Carl Schmitt’s Critique of Liberalism" (1998), Duke University Press
- Scheuerman, William E,, "Confronting Mass Democracy and Industrial Technology" (2002), Duke University Press
- Schmitt, Carl., "Die geistesgeschichtliche Lage des heutigen Parlamentarismus" (1923), Duncker & Humblot
- Schmitt, Carl, "Verfassungslehre" (1993), Duncker & Humblot
- Schmitt, Carl, "Der Begriff des Politischen" (2015), Duncker &Humblot
- Sieferle, Rolf Peter., "Die Konservative Revolution : Fünf biographische Skizzen" (1995), Fischer
- Strauss, Leo, "Der Begriff des Politischen" (2013)
- Strauss, Leo, "Leo Strauss and the Theological-Political Problem" (2006), Cambridge University Press
- Strauss, Leo, "German Nihilism", Interpretation, 26(3), pp.352~378 (1999)
- Strauss, Leo, "Natural Rights and History" (1965), The University of Chicago Press
- Strauss, Leo, "Liberalism Ancient and Modern" (1968), The University of Chicago Press
- Strauss, Leo, "Liberalism Ancient and Modern" (1968), The University of Chicago Press
- Strauss, Leo, "Liberalism Ancient and Modern" (1968), The University of Chicago Press
- Strauss, Leo., "Political Philosophy : Six Essays by Leo Strauss", pp.1975, Bobbs Meririll
- Strauss, Leo, "An Introduction to Political Philosophy : Ten Essays by Leo Strauss" (1989), Wayne State University Press
- Strauss, Leo, "Toward ‘Natural Right and History’: Lectures and Essays by Leo Strauss, 1937-1946" (1946), University of Chicago Press
- Troeltsch, Ernst, "Der Historismus und seine Probleme, In:Kritische Gesamtausgabe, vol.16" (2008), de gruyter
- Velkley, Richard, "On the Roots of Rationalism : Strauss’s Natural Right and History as Response to Heidegger", The Review of Politics, 70, pp.245~259 (2008)
- Velkley, Richard., "Heidegger, Strauss, and the Premises of Philosophy : On Original Forgetting" (2011), The University of Chicago Press
- Villa, Dana, "The Philosopher versus the Citizen : Arendt, Strauss, and Socrates", Political Theory, 26(2), pp.147~172 (1998)
- Vowinckel, Annette., "Geschichtsbegriff und Historisches Denken bei Hannah Arendt" (2001), Böhlau
- Young-Bruehl, Elisabeth., "Hannah Arendt : For Love of the World" (1982), Yale University Press
- Zuckert, Catherine H., "A Companion to Greek and Roman Political Thought" (2009), John Wiley & Sons
- 김민수, "한나 아렌트의 『전체주의의 기원』에 나타나는 근대 민족국가와 인간의 권리문제－제도와 권리의 이율배반을 중심으로－", 史叢(사총), (93), pp.285~318 (2018), 역사연구소[DOI]
- 랑시에르, 자크, "민주주의는 왜 증오의 대상인가?" (2011), 인간사랑
- 박성우, "레오 스트라우스의 플라톤주의: 스트라우스 정치철학의 두 테마와 관련하여", 정치사상연구, 26(1), pp.151~180 (2020), 한국정치사상학회
- 박성우, "레오 스트라우스의 역사주의 비판과 고전정치철학의 재발견", 한국정치외교사논총, 34(2), pp.225~253 (2013), 한국정치외교사학회[DOI]
- 박혁, "인권의 역설과 ‘권리를 가질 권리’의 의미 - 한나 아렌트의 인권개념에 대한 고찰", 시민사회와 NGO, 13(2), pp.149~192 (2015), 제3섹터연구소
- 손민석, "레오 스트라우스의 고전적 자연권 탐구: 『자연권과 역사』강연 맥락을 중심으로", 국가와 정치, 27(1), pp.27~56 (2021), 동아시아연구소
- 에델스타인, 댄, "인권의 정신에 대하여" (2021), 생각이음
- 우주혁, "레오 스트라우스의 역사주의 반박 : 역사성의 계보학적 탐구", 석사, 정치외교학과, pp.2020
- 임미원, "아렌트의 ‘권리를 가질 권리’ 개념의 기초적 고찰", 법철학연구, 22(1), pp.203~234 (2019), 한국법철학회[DOI]
- 셀라스, 커스틴, "인권, 그 위선의 역사" (2003), 은행나무
- 전진성, "상상의 아테네, 베를린-도쿄-서울 : 기억과 건축이 빚어낸 불협화음의 문화사" (2015), 천년의상상
- 전진성, "보수혁명 : 독일 지식인들의 허무주의적 이상" (2021), 책세상