“호모 루덴스”의 탈식민주의 : 서인도 식민지의 크리켓과 카니발 문화
Homo Ludens’s Postcolonialism: C. L. R. James and Creolizing Cricket and Carnival in the British West Indies
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이 연구는 서인도 출신의 흑인급진주의 지식인, C. L. R. 제임스의 크리켓 및 카니발과 관련된 저작을 검토하여 서인도 대중문화가 식민주의와 맺었던 다층적이고 다양한 양상 드러내는 데 그 목적이 있다. 아마추어 크리켓 선수로서 활동했었고 혁명가의 곤궁한 생계를 크리켓 전문기자로서 버텨야 했던 제임스는 자기 경험을 바탕으로 대중문화를 서인도 식민지의 정치적 갈등과 관련된 중요한 문화적 실천으로 인식하게 되었다. 서인도 대중문화가 식민지의 인종적ㆍ계급적 권력 관계가 문화적으로 재생산되는 곳인 동시에 전복되거나 새롭게 재구성될 수 있는 투쟁의 장이었다. 또한, 제임스는 1940년대에 고대 그리스와 프랑스 혁명기, 그리고 동시대 미국 사회의 문화 연구를 통해서 대중문화의 발전이 민주주의의 확장과 맺는 밀접한 관계에 대한 새로운 인식을 얻게 되었다. 그는 이를 바탕으로 크리켓과 카니발 둘 다에서 반식민주의ㆍ반인종주의적 저항의 가능성을 보게 되었다. 그러나 카니발과 크리켓은 그 계급적 토대와 문화적 기원에서 서로 달랐다. 크리켓은 영국에서 기원했다면 카니발은 프랑스와 아프리카에서 유래했다. 흑인 중간계급이 문화적 헤게모니가 주도한 크리켓 문화와는 달리, 트리니다드 카니발은 자기 조직화를 통한 독립된 대중의 자기활동이라는 민주적 차원을 가졌다. 제임스는 크리켓과 카니발의 서인도적 전유가 식민주의와 인종주의의 지배적 규범과 가치들에 도전할 뿐만 아니라, 인종적ㆍ문화적 이질성을 가진 서인도 제도에서 서인도 연방을 창출하고 유연하고 개방적인 국민 정체성을 창출하는데 이바지할 수 있다고 믿었다. 따라서 제임스의 저작을 검토하는 것은 식민지 대중문화를 통해서 영국령 서인도 사회의 식민화와 탈식민화의 문제를 순응과 저항의 다층성과, 그리고 저항의 다양한 형태에서 검토할 중요한 기회를 제공할 것이다.
Abstract
The study aims to examine writings on cricket and carnival of black radical, C. L. R. James from Trinidad and Tobago, and to reveal the multi-layered relationship that popular culture had with the colonial politics in the British West Indies. James was able to recognize mass sports as important cultural practices that were associated with political conflicts in colonies, because of his experiences as an amateur cricket player in the British West Indies and a cricket journalist in order to make a living for his revolutionary activities in the UK. Mass sports were the arena where power relations of race and class could be culturally reproduced and, at the same time, overthrown or newly reconstructed. He also gained a new perception of a close relation between the development of popular culture and the expansion of democracy through cultural studies of Ancient Greece, the French Revolution, and the American society in the 1940s. Based on the perceptions of popular culture, James could saw cultural resistance to colonialism and racism in both crickets and carnivals in the British West Indies. But, on the other hand. they were distinguished from each other on their basis of class and cultural origins. Trinidad cricket originate in England, while Trinidad carnival originated in France and Africa. It was different in that Trinadad Carnival had a democratic form of self-activity and self-organizations of masses of the people, unlike Trinidad cricket culture led by the black middle class. James believed that cricket and carnival could not only challenge cultural assumptions of colonialism and racism, but also contribute to creating a newly unified nation and an independent West Indies Federation in the West Indies archipelago with territorial fragmentation and with the complex racial and cultural variables. through their creolization ( West Indian's cultural appropriation of them). Therefore, studying James' works on cricket and carnival provides an important opportunity for new understanding of colonization and decolonization in British West Indies society through mass sport and festival culture.
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