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19세기 통킹만의 해적들과 프랑스 식민주의 - 국가 권력에 대항하는 초민족적 대항 권력의 역사 -

Pirates of the Gulf of Tonkin in 19th Century: A History of the Transnational Counterpower against the State Power

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초록

오랜 역사를 지닌 통킹만의 해적들은 19세기 중엽에 다시 활기를 띠었다. 이는 부분적으로 유럽 세력이 이 지역에 진출하면서 기존의 국가 권력과 경제 · 사회 구조가 동요한 데 따른 결과였다. 통킹만의 해적들은 초민족적 집단이었으며, 국가 권력에 도전하였다. 1870년대부터 북부 베트남에 대해 제국주의적 야심을 드러내기 시작한 프랑스의 입장에서는 해적들이 활개치고 다니는 현실을 묵과할 수 없었다. 그렇지만 프랑스군이 해적들에 비해 군사력에서 우위에 있었다고 해도, 현지 지리를 잘 알고 지역 주민들과 밀착된 해적들을 단속하는 것은 간단한 일이 아니었다. 프랑스가 베트남의 주권을 강탈한 후 통킹만의 해적들은 식민 권력에 직접적으로 도전하였으며, 이들을 일소하기 위해 식민 권력은 더욱 억압적이고 폭력적인 정책을 취해야만 했다.

Abstract

The piracy, having a long history in the Gulf of Tonkin, prospered again in the mid-19th century. This was due in part to the collapse of state powers and the disruption of socio-economic structures of the region as a result of European penetration. France, which has demonstrated its imperialist ambitions in northern Vietnam since the 1870s, could no longer accept their activities. However, even if the French had military superiority over the pirates, it was not easy to suppress them, especially since they were better acquainted with the local geography and maintained close relations with local populations. As France conquered the kingdom of Vietnam, the pirates of the Gulf of Tonkin directly opposed colonial power, which therefore had to adopt a more rigorous and violent policy to repress the pirates.

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