논어의 명에 대한 주요 주석 검토

Abstract

This study is to select four chapters on Confucius’ concept of Ming(命, Moira) which were frequently mentioned by various scholars and to clarify the main opinion of scholars and its meaning. Commentary to Analects of Confucius(論語注疏) written by He Yan(何晏) during the Three Kingdoms Period is an ancient and highly valuable annotation and for realistic understanding of Ming. Following He Yan, one would persist in his nature, situation and conditions, and wait for the right time. He also states that Ming is for human being to follow right ways until the right time, as all things in the universe circulate with a certain rule. Philosophical meaning on which the concept of Li(理) is granted to Ming is reflected on Collected Annotations of Analects of Confucius(論語集註) by Zhu Xi(朱熹) of Southern Song. He argues that one should understand nature’s principle granted by Heaven to world and do the right things. Standard Annotations of the Confucian Analects(論語正義) written by Liu Baonan(劉寶楠) of Qing Dynasty has extensive contents with great details, which serves as an important research element about Ming. He underlines that one should know his mission and make efforts for moral cultivation as virtuous conducts is more significant than one’s fate. The opinions of various scholars are included in Ancient and Modern Notes of Analects of Confucius (論語古今註) by Jeong Yakyong(丁若鏞) of late Joseon and it both refutes and supplements the scholars while developing his interpretation. He states that one’s virtue can reach the Heaven regarding issues of destitution and advancement such as life, death and right moment if one cultivates moral virtues; virtue plays a significantly important role in human life. Ming may appear in different times but generally, scholars’ common opinion is that one who well maintains order with flow of all things in the universe and accumulates virtues of benevolence, righteousness, propriety and wisdom can feel at ease even in time of crisis met in life. Confucius was a practical doer who strived to realize ‘Dao (道)’ in reality and he thought that one could not live a life of a noble man without knowing Ming. Based on numerous processes that the four scholars experienced on their way to practice and study on Confucius, they suggest human’s will overcomes Ming through moral cultivation and self-awareness.