본문 바로가기
KERD
논문KCI 등재

[기획논문] 네게브(Negev) 및 시나이(Sinai)지역 거석 기념물의 분포와 성격

Distribution and Characteristics of Megalithic Monuments in the Negev and Sinai

이헌재
한국유라시아연구원 (The Korea Eurasia Institute)|2022.08|유라시아문화 (The Journal of Eurasian Culture Studies)|제7권 |pp. 211-278|DOI https://doi.org/10.47527/JNAH.2022.08.7.211

1

조회

0

다운로드

0

인용

0

참고문헌

키워드

입석(Menhir)Menhir거석 기념물(Megalithic Monuments)열석(Alignments)열석군(Avenue)야외 성소유구(Open-air Sanctuary)적석총(Cairns)Megalithic MonumentsAlignmentsAvenueOpen-air SanctuaryCairns
주제분류기타인문학

초록

네게브 및 시나이지역 거석 기념물의 분포와 성격을 살펴본 결과 아래와 같은 몇 가지 결론을 도출할 수 있었다. 첫째, 거석 기념물은 의례의 중심지에 세워졌고 의례와 신앙의 대상으로 섬겨진것이므로 “사자(死者)”, “사자(死者)의 영”을 표현하였다. 둘째, 네게브 및 시나이지역에 분포된 거석 기념물의 형식은 가장 이른 시기에 조성되었기 때문에 유라시아지역에 분포하고 있는 입석, 열석, 열석군의 원형이다. 셋째, 네게브 및 시나이지역의 거석 기념물 유적은 입석, 열석, 열석군의 형식으로 집중되어 있다. 이 형식은 레반트(Levant), 아나톨리아(Anatolia), 메소포타미아, 이란, 이집트 지역과 중동의 사우디 아라비아, 오만, 예멘, 중앙아시아의 러시아, 몽골, 남아시아의 인도와 스리랑카, 동남아시아의 인도네시아와 라오스, 말레이시아, 필리핀, 베트남, 동북아시아의 대만, 일본, 중국 동북부, 한반도에 분포되어 있다. 넷째, 열석의 장축방향은 E74°에서 E-SE124° 사이이고 동쪽의 태양이 뜨는 방향으로 세워져 있으므로 태양문 암각화와 함께 태양신앙을 표현하였다. 다섯째, 삼지창은 죽은 자의 영이 가는 방향을 상징한다. 죽은 자의 영혼이 삼지창의 방향으로 여행을 하다가 다시 죽은 자의 집인 적석총과 지석묘로 돌아온다는 관념에서 새겨 놓았다. 여섯째, 이스라엘, 인도네시아와 폴리네시아(Polynesia)에서 “눈(Eyed)이 있는” 영혈(靈穴)입석은 지석묘의 영혈(Port-hole)과 같이 죽은 자의 영이 다니는 통로를 상징한다. 일곱째, 로시 진(Rosh Zin) 입석 유적에서 출토된 유물의 양상은 나투프(Natufian: 11000~10500B.C)시대 농경 정착문화이다. 네게브 및 시나이 반도의 거석 기념물은 사막과 광야를 돌아다니는 유목민의 독특한 의례 및 장례풍습이 나투프(Natufian)시대 농경문화가 유입되면서 정착민의 문화로 유지되었다. 대부분의 네게브 및 시나이지역의 입석은 후기신석기시대(5200∼4500B.C)에서 초기 청동기시대(3500∼3000B.C)에 유행하다가 중후기청동기(2200∼1200B,C)와 철기시대(1200∼586B.C)를 지나 나바테야(Nabatean; B.C3∼A.D7), 비잔틴(Byzantine;324∼636A.D)과 초기 이슬람(Islamic; 636∼현재) 시기까지 의례에 사용되었다. 네게브 및 시나이지역의 거석 기념물은 유라시아에 공통적으로 분포되는 만큼 그 기능과 성격을 구체적으로 비교하여 규명할 필요가 있다. 유라시아 지역에 분포하는 거석 기념물의 형식, 기능과 특징을 구체적으로 비교하여 그 성격이 규명되면 선사시대 동서문화 교섭의 양상을 파악할 수 있을 것이다.

Abstract

As a result of examining the distribution range focusing on the functions and characteristics of megalithic monuments in the Negev and Sinai, thefollowing conclusions could be drawn as fellow;First, the megalithic monument expresses “the dead” and “the spirit of the dead” because the remains were built at the center of rituals and were served as objects of rituals and beliefs. Second, the type of megalithicmonuments distributed in the Negev and Sinai regions is the prototype of menhir, alignments, and avenues distributed in Eurasia because it was created at the earliest period. Third, the remains of megalithic monuments in central and southern Israel are concentrated in the Negev and Sinai, and in Anatolia, Mesopotamia, Iran, and Egypt in the Levant region, andSaudi Arabia, Yemen in the Middle East, India and Sri Lanka in South Asia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, the Philippines, Vietnam in Southeast Asia, andTaiwan, Japan, Northeast China, and the Korean Peninsula in Northeast Asia. Fourth, since the major axis of the alignments is between E74° and E-SE124°, and it is erected in the direction in which the sun rises in theeast, it expresses the sun faith along with the etroglyphs of sun design. Fifth, petroglyphs of the trident design symbolizes the direction of the spirit of the dead. It must have been engraved on the idea that the spirits of the dead travel in the direction of the trident and then return to the graveyard, the home of the dead. Sixth, in Israel, Indonesia and Polynesia, “Eyed” menhirs symbolize the passageways for the spirits of the dead, such as the port-holes of dolmens. Seventh, the Rosh Zin menhir is the Natufian agricultural settlement culture, and its age is between 11000 B.C. to 10500B.C. The megalithic monuments of the Negev and the Sinai Peninsula weremaintained as the culture of the settlers with the introduction of Natufian farming culture, the unique rituals and funeral customs of nomads. Most of the menhirs in the Negev and Sinai were popular in the Late Neolithic to Early Bronze Age (6000∼3000 B.C.), then passed through the Middle Bronze Age (2000∼1200 B.C.) and Iron Age (1200∼539 B.C.) Nabatean (3rd century B.C. to 7th century A.D.), Byzantine (324 to 636 A.D.), and early Islamic (636 to present) times were used in rituals. Since the megalithic monuments in the Negev and Sinai regions are commonly distributed in Eurasia, it is necessary to specifically compare and identify their functions and characteristics. If the typology, function and characteristics of megalithic monuments distributed in Eurasia are specifically compared and their characteristics are identified, it will be possible to understand the aspects of prehistoric East-West culturalnegotiation.

참고문헌 (174)

  1. 강릉대학교박물관, "강원도 양양군의 역사와 문화유적" (1994)
  2. 김병모, "고고학 여행" (2006), 고래실
  3. 김재원, "한국지석묘연구" (1967)
  4. 석광준, "각지 고인돌무덤조사 발굴보고" (2003), 백산자료원
  5. 우장문, "우리나라와 인도네시아의 고인돌 연구" (2013), 학연문화사
  6. 이헌재, "월롱산성" (2004), 경기도박물관
  7. 창원문화재연구소, "함안 암각화 고분" (1996)
  8. 황용훈, "동북아시아의 岩刻畵" (1987), 민음사
  9. Abel, F. M., "Monuments megalithiques de Palestine", Revue Biblique (1929)
  10. Albert, G., "Unter Kopfjagern in Central Celebes, Ethnologische Streifzuge in Sudostund Central-Celebes" (1913)
  11. Amiran, R., "The Chalcolithic Settlement and Early Bronze Age City" (1978)
  12. Anati, E., "I Siti A Plaza Di Har Karkom" (1987)
  13. Anati, E., "The Riddle of Mount Sinai" (2001)
  14. Armand Salvaor B. Mijares, "Report on the Preliminary Archaeological Reconnaissance of Abra de Ilog, Occidental Mindoro, Philippines", National Museum Papers, 6(2) (1996)
  15. Avner, U., "Samar, Excavation of a Desert Kite", Excavations and Surveys in Israel, 1 (1982)
  16. Avner. U., "Survey of Ma ‘aleh Shaharut", Excavations and Surveys in Israel, 7, pp.8 (1989), ~
  17. Bar-Adon. P., "The Judaean Desert and Plain of Jericho" (1972)
  18. Blomquist, T.H., "Gates and Gods : Cult in the City Gate of Iron Age Palestine, An Investigation of the Archaeological and Biblical Sources" (1999)
  19. Braemer F., "Khirbet al-Umbashi" (2004)
  20. Bulrajimir, D. K., "Sacrificial Rites Sites of Altai" (1999), Seoul
  21. Burkhard, V., "An Account of a Two Months Rescue Excavation in the Mountains of Ras al-Khaimah, United Arab Emirates" (1988)
  22. The Ngorex: A Survey of Lithic and Megalitic Traditions in the Bahau Area, East Kalimantan, and An Interdisciplinary Sketch of Regional History, "Bernard Sellato", The Ford Foundation and The World Wide Fund for Nature, ~ (1992)
  23. Carey B. S., "Chin Gazetteer" (1896)
  24. Colani, M. M., "Megalithes Du Haut-Laos(I.Ⅱ)" (1935)
  25. Corder, C. R., "The Survey of Eastern Palestine" (1889)
  26. Conder, C. R., "The Survey of Western Palestine, Vol III" (1883)
  27. Chester, M. H., "Matthew Henry’s Commentary on the whole BibleⅠ Genesis to Deuteronomy", Macdonald Publishing Company Mclean
  28. Chester M. H., "Matthew Henry’s Commentary on the whole BibleⅡ Joshua to Esther", Macdonald Publishing Company Mclean
  29. Devi, P. B., "Investigations into the Megalithic Culture of Manipur" (2005)
  30. Dunand, M., "Fouilles de Byblos. Tome. II, 1933∼1938, Texte Vol.2" (1958)
  31. Eddy, F. W., "An Archaeological Investigation of the Central Sinai, Egypt" (1999)
  32. Eliade, M., "A History of Religious Idea, Vol.Ⅰ, From the Stone Age to the Eleusinian Mysteries" (1978), The University of Chicago Press
  33. Elzbieta Dubis, "Moab Archaeological Resource Survey, The Dolmen Field at Al-Murayghat" (2001)
  34. Erik, R., "General Report on Archaeology and History of Guam" (1952)
  35. Fergusson, J., "Rude Stone Monuments" (1872)
  36. Gajus Scheltema, "An Introduction and Field Guide", American Center of Oriental Research, ~ (2008)
  37. Grant, E, "Beth Shemesh" (1929)
  38. Gururaja Rao, B. K., "Megalithic Culture in South India" (1972), Prasaranga, University of Mysore
  39. Hodson, T.C., "The Naga Tribes of Manipur" (1911)
  40. John Skinner. D. D., "Critical and Exegetical Commentary on Genesis" (1976), T & T.Clark
  41. Karl, J., "Art of the Steppes, The Eurasian Animal Style" (1967), Methuen
  42. Kenyon, K. M., "Digging Up Jericho" (1957)
  43. Mallon, A., "Voyage d’exploration au Sud-Est de la" (1924), Biblica
  44. Mellaart, J., "Catal Huyuk, A Neolithic Town in Anatolia" (1967)
  45. Mellaart, J, "Hacilar I" (1970)
  46. Mettinger, "No Graven Image ?, Israelite Aniconism in its Ancient Near Eastern Context", ~ (1995)
  47. Mohen, J. P., "The World of Megaliths" (1989)
  48. Muhammed Abdul Nayeem, "Saudi Arabia, Prehistory and Protohistory of the Arabian Peninsula, Volume one" (1990)
  49. Musil, A., "Arabia Petraea, Vol. II" (1908)
  50. Musil, A., "The Northern Hegaz"
  51. Palmer, E. H., "The Desert of the Exodus" (1871)
  52. Perry, W. J., "The Megalithic Culture of Indonesia" (1918)
  53. Peter Bellwood, "Man’s Conquest of the Pacific, The Prehistory of Southeast Asia and Oceania" (1979), Oxford University Press
  54. Peter Hagyo-Kovacs, "The Massebah in the Southeastern Gate of Khirbet Qeiyafa", pp.2012
  55. Petherick, J., "Egypt, The Soudan" (1861)
  56. Rothenberg, B., "Negev, Ramat Gan" (1967)
  57. Rothenberg, B., "The Egyptian Mining Temple at Timna" (1988)
  58. Rowe, A., "The Topography and History of Beth Shean" (1930)
  59. Rudenko, S. I., "Frozen Tombs of Siberia" (1970)
  60. Scott, J. G., "Upper Burma Gazetteer" (1900)
  61. Stekelis, M., "Les monuments megalithiques de Palestine" (1935)
  62. Thapar, B. K., "Indian Megaliths in Asian Context" (1994), the V.C. National Museum Institute
  63. Van Der Hoop, A. N. J., "Megalithic Remains in South-Sumatra, Netherland" (1932)
  64. William Benton, "The History of Herodotus" (1952), The University of Chicago
  65. Wilson, C. W., "Ordnance Survey of the Peninsula of Sinai" (1869)
  66. William, F. A., "The Archaeology of Palestine" (1954)
  67. Witness Lee, "Holy Bible Recovery Version" (2003), Living Stream Ministry
  68. Yadin, Y., "Symbols of Deities at Zingirli, Carthage and Hazor" (1970)
  69. Zevit, "The Religious of Ancient Israel" (2001)
  70. Khirbet Qeiyafa Vol.1 : Excavation Report 2007-2008, "Yossi Garfinkel", ~ (2007)
  71. 陳兆㚆, "中國岩畵發現史" (1991), 上海人民出版社
  72. 김권구, "대구 월배지역 입석의 기능과 출현 배경", 영남학, (73), pp.159~192 (2020), 영남문화연구원
  73. 백홍기, "강원도 동해안 지방의 지석묘", 고고미술, 2(2) (1982), 고고미술사학회
  74. 에릭 크리스탈(Eric Cristal), "都市의起源 ; 靑銅器時代의 諸問題" (1984), 白鹿出版社
  75. 이상길, "청동기시대 의례에 관한 고고학적 연구", 박사, 전공학과, pp.2000
  76. 이융조, "한국 선사문화–그 분석 연구" (1982), 탐구당
  77. 이은창, "대가야학술총서6" (2008), 고령군 대가야박물관
  78. 이은창, "호남지방의 지석묘조사", 월간문화재, 2 (1971)
  79. 이헌재, "남인도 Tavanampalle와 Mallayapally 마을의 지석묘와 암채화", 한국암각화연구, 21 (2017), 한국암각화학회
  80. 이헌재, "남인도 거석문화의 현황과 성격 -비누콘다(Vinukonda)와 큠붐(Cumbum)지역을 중심으로-", 선사와 고대, (35), pp.139~161 (2011), 한국고대학회[DOI]
  81. 이헌재, "남인도 이랄라반다와 나야캔너리 지석묘와 암채화", 한국암각화학보, 24 (2020), 한국암각화학회
  82. 이헌재, "남인도 치투르(Chittoor) 지역의 지석묘 조사 연구(Ⅰ) - 에구바카나탈라 체르브(Eguvakanatala Cheruvu)와 사라칼루(Sarakallu) 마을의 지석묘을 중심으로 -", 중앙고고연구, (14), pp.169~204 (2014), 중앙문화재연구원
  83. 이헌재, "안성천" (2003), 경기도박물관
  84. 임세권, "알타이 지역 암각화에 나타난 태양신 숭배", 선사와 고대, (26), pp.119~146 (2007), 한국고대학회[DOI]
  85. 최광식, "韓國 靑銅器時代 岩刻畵의 起源에 대한 試論 -內蒙古 赤峰일대 岩刻畵와의 관계를 중심으로-", 韓國史學報, (37), pp.387~420 (2009), 고려사학회
  86. 한규량, "한국 선돌의 기능 변천에 대한 연구-충청도지역 선돌을 중심으로", 백산학보, 28 (1984), 백산학회
  87. 허흥식, "상주 신흥리 별자리군락과 고령가야의 기원과 이동", 한국 암각화 현상적 접근, 2022년 한국암각화학회 봄학술대회 (2022), 한국암각화학회
  88. 황기덕, "황해북도 황주군 긴동 고인돌", 고고학자료집, 3 (1963)
  89. Adi, H. T., "The Excavation of the Megalithic Alignment at Kampong Ipoh, Tampin, Negeri Semblian", Journal of the Malaysian Branch Royal Asiatic Society, LV(Part 1) (1982)
  90. Ajit Kumar, "Decoding the Meaning and Beliefs Associated with Petroglyphs in Edakka Rock Shelter, Kerala, India", XXX Valcamonica Symposium 2013 (2013), L’arte come sorgente di storia
  91. Albright, W, F., "Sounding at Ader", Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, 53 (1934), The University of Chicago Press
  92. Alon, D., "The Archaeology of Cult and the Chalcolithic Sanctuary at Gilat", Journal of Mediterranean Archaeology, 2 (1989)
  93. Avner, U., "Animal Sacrifices and Offering from Cult and Mortuary sites in the Negev and Sinai, 6th-3rd Millennia B.C.", ARAM Periodical, ARAM Society for Syro-Mesopotamian Studies Forty-Second International Conference (2015), The Oriental Institute Oxford University
  94. Avner, U., "Egyptian Timna-Reconsidered, Edited by Juan Manuel Tebes, Unearthing the Wilderness, Studies on the History and Archaeology of the Negev and Edom in the Iron Age", Ancient Near Eastern Studies, (Supplement 45) (2014)
  95. Avner, U., "Fourth-Fifth Millennia B.C. Cult Sites in the Negev", 9th Archaeological in Israel (1982)
  96. Avner, U., "Omry Barzilai, A Survey of Neolithic Cult Sites in the Eliat Mountains, Israel", Journal of the Israel Prehistoric Society, 44 (2014), The Israel Prehistoric Society
  97. Avner, U., "Protohistoric Developments of Religion and Cult in the Negev Desert", TEL AVIV Journal of the Institute of Archaeology of Tel Aviv University, 45 (2018)
  98. Avner, U., "Studies in the Material and Spiritual Culture of the Negev and Sinai Populations, During the 6th-3rd Millennia B.C", Doctor, pp.2002
  99. Avner, U., "Animal Sacrifices and Offerings from Cult and Mortuary sites in the Negev and Sinai, 6th-3rd Millennia B.C.", Aram, 29(1&2) (2017)[DOI]
  100. Bar-Yosef, O., "Pleistocene connection between Africa and Southwest Asia : an archaeological perspective", The African Archaeological Review, 5 (1987)
  101. Biran, A., "The Tel Dan Inscription : A New Fragment", Israel Exploration Journal, 45 (1995)
  102. Bradford Welles, C., "Archaeological Bibliography", American Journal of Archaeology, 55(4) (1951)
  103. Cammiade, L. A., "Observation upon Ancient Sites in the Neighbourhood of Kalugumali", Man, 30(137) (1930)
  104. Carlleyle, A. C. L., "A Tour in Eastern Rajputana-Khera, Satmas, Machari and Deosa", Report of the Archaeology Survey of India, 6, pp.1871~1872
  105. Chandran, J., "The Cultural Significance of the Pengkalan Kempas Megaliths", Journal of the Malaysian Branch Royal Asiatic Society, XLVI (1973)
  106. Cole, Robert, "Cromleches in Mysore", Indian Antiquary, 2 (1873)
  107. Dubis, "Field K, The Dolmen and Other Features on the South Slopes of Tall al-Umayri", The 1994Seasion at Tall al-‘Umayri and Subsequent Studies (1994)
  108. Eisenberg, E., "The Temples of Tell Kittan", Biblical Archaeologist, 40 (1977)
  109. Eisenberg, E., "Uvda Valley Site 19", Hadashot Arkheologiot, 74, pp.75 (1980), ~
  110. Falconer, S. E., "Tell El Hayyat", Akkadica Supp, 7 (1989)
  111. Faust, A., "Settlement Planning and Cosmology in Ancient Israel during Iron Age Ⅱ", Oxford Journal of Archaeology, 20(2) (2001)
  112. Fowler, M. D., "Cultic Continuity at Tirzah? A Re-examination of the Archaeological Evidence", Palestine Exploration Quarterly, 113 (1981)
  113. Frank, F., "Aus der ‘Araba", Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palästina-Vereins, 57 (1934)
  114. Garstin, J. H., "Dolmens on the Coromondel Coast", The Indian Antiquary, 5 (1876)
  115. Goring-Morris, A. N., "An Epipalaeolithic Occurrence in Eastern Sinai, Haj I, and Some Observations on the Use of the Microburin Technique", Mitekufat Haeven, 24 (1985)
  116. Graesser, C. F., "Standing stones in Ancient Palestine", The Biblical Archaeologist, 35(2) (1972)[DOI]
  117. Haiman, M., "Cairn Burials and Cairn Fields in the Negev", Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, 287 (1992)
  118. Haji, M. S., "Megaliths in Malacca and Negri Sembiln", Federation Museum Journal, New Series, II (1962)
  119. Harrisson, T., "Megalithic Evidence in East Malaysia : an Introductory Summary", Journal of the Malaysian Branch Royal Asiatic Society, XLVI(Part 1) (1973)
  120. Harrisson, T., "Megaliths of Central and West Borneo", The Sarawak Museum Journal, VIII(11) (1958)
  121. Harrison, T. P., "Shifting Patterns of Settlement in the Highlands of Central Jordan during the Early Bronze Age", Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, 306 (1997)
  122. Harrisson, T., "The Prehistory of Sabah", Sabah Society Journal, IV (1969)
  123. Heather, P., "Yemen’s Stonehenge Suggest Bronze Age Red Sea Culture", Science, New Series, 279(5356) (1998)
  124. Hellmut, D. T., "The Megaliths of Bursahom, Kashmir, a New Prehistoric Civilization from India", Proceeding of the American Philosophical Society, 85(5) (1942)
  125. Henry, D., "Rosh Zin : A Natufian Settlement Near ‘Ein ‘Avdat", Israel, 11 (1976)
  126. Henry, D., "The Natufian Site of Rosh Zin : A Preliminary Report", Palestine Exploration Quarterly, 105 (1973)
  127. Hunt, E. H., "Hyderabad Cairn Burials and Their Significance", Journal Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, 54 (1924)
  128. Irby, C. L., "Travels in Egypt and Nubia, Syria and the Holy Land, including a journey to Round the Dead Sea, and through the Country East of the Jordan" (1844)
  129. Jacob Edward Dunn, "A land whose stones are Iron and from whose hills you may Mine Copper : Metallurgy, Pottery, and the Midiantite-Qenite Hypothesis", Master, pp.2015
  130. James Hornell, F. L. S., "Megalithic Sea Works and Temple Platforms at Mbau in Fiji, Man XXVI, A Monthly Record of Anthropological Science" (1926), Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland
  131. Julian, R., "Sacred Places in Ancient Oman", The Journal of Oman Studies, 11 (2000)
  132. Kirkbride, D., "Five Seasons at the Pre-Pottery Neolithic Village of Beidha in Jordan, A Summary" (1966)
  133. Kochavi, M., "The Settlement of the Negev in the Middle Bronze(Canaanite)I Age", Ph.D., pp.1967
  134. Lapp, P., "The 1963 Excavation at Taanach", Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, 173 (1963)
  135. Lee Hoen Jai, "Comparative of Megalithic Monuments in Asia, Doctor of Philosophy in History", Department of History, pp.2007
  136. Ling, S. S., "The Dolmen Culture of Taiwan, East Asia and The Southwestern Pacific" (1967)
  137. Loofs, H. H. E., "The Mok Khalan Alignment in Southern Thailand and Associated Archaeological Remains", Journal of the Malaysian Branch Royal Asiatic Society, 1L(Part 1) (1977)
  138. Loud, G., "Megiddo II : Seasons of 1935∼39" (1935)
  139. Macalister, R. A. S., "First Quarterly Report of the Excavation of Gezer", Palestine Exploration Fund Quarterly, 34 (1902)
  140. Mackenzie, D., "Excavations at Ain Shems(Beth Shemesh)", Palestine Exploration Fund Annual, 2 (1913)
  141. Mahapatra, S. K., "Indian Archaeology Review, 1990∼1991" (1995)
  142. Mallon, A., "Teleilat Ghassul Ⅰ: Compte rendu des fo uilles del’Institut biblique pontifical" (1934), Pontifical Biblical Institute
  143. Marsayuki, K., "Megalithic Monuments in Ancient Japan" (1982)
  144. Mazar, A., "Hartuv, An aspect of the Early Bronze I Culture of Southern Israel", Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, 302 (1996)
  145. Murali, S. N., "Megalithic Typology of South-Western Andhra Pradesh, Sri Subrahmanya Smrti, Eassay on Indian Pre-history, Proto-history, Archaeology, Iconography, Art, Architecture, Epigraphy, Numinsmatics, Crafts and Conservation" (2001)
  146. Nayeem, M.A., "Indo-Arabian Cultural Relations during Third-Second Millennium B.C., Ages", A Semi-Annual Journal of Historical, Archaeological and Civilization Studie, 3(Part.1) (1988)
  147. Ranganathan, D., "Jayaselvadoss, Rock Art Paintings in Villupuram District, A Study", International Journal of Information Research and Review, 5 (2018)
  148. Rao, K. P., "Astronomical Relationship of South Indian Megaliths, Viewing the Sky Through Past and Present Culture", Papers from the Oxford VII, International Conference on Archaeoastronomy, Pueblo Grande Museum Anthropological Papers, (15) (2006)
  149. Reddy, P.C., "Traditions and Techniques of Burying the Dead in Proto Historic Andhra", Andhra Pradesh History Congress, Proceedings of the Thirtieth Session of A.P. (2006), Government Degree College
  150. Rosen, S., "Preliminary Investigation at a Late Neolithic Site in the Central Negev, Israel", Paléorient, 10 (1984)
  151. 68, Preliminary Report, "An Archaeological Survey of South Sinai First Season 1967", pp.1967, Rothenberg, B.
  152. Rumbi, M., "The only Older Megalithic Tradition in Indonesia", Bulletin of the Research Centre of Archaeology of Indonesia, (16) (1981), NIAS
  153. Savage, Stephen H., "Jordan’s Stonehenge: The Endangered Chalcolithic", Early Bronze Age Site at al-Murayghat-Hajar al-Mansub, 2010, pp.73(1), ~
  154. Schramm W., "Die Annalen des Assyrischen Konigs Tukulti-Ninurta Ⅱ", Bibliotheca Orientalis, 27 (1970)
  155. Segal, D., "ehovot Radiocarbon Date List V", Atiqot, 29 (1996)
  156. Singh, O. K., "A Live Megalithic Culture in Manipur, Recent Advances in Indo-Pacific Prehistory", Proceeding of the International Symposium Held at Poona (1978)
  157. Soejono, R. P., "Megalithic, Final Report Seminar in Prehistoric of Southeast Asia(T-will)", Country Report of Indonesia for SPAFA Seminar in Prehistory of Southeast Asia (1987)
  158. A Survey in the Dolmen Fields of Shamir and Kurazin Area, "Stekelis M.", Mitekufat Haeven-Jlsr Prehost Soc, ~ (1962)
  159. The Landscape of Murayghat Project 2. Season : 2015, Near Eastern Archaeology ToRS, "Susanne Kerner", University of Copenhagen, ~ (2015)
  160. Megalithic Tombs and other Ancient Remains in the Deccan, "Taylor, M. C.", Archaeological Department of Hyderabad State, ~ (1941)
  161. Taylor, M., "Description of Cairns, Cromlechs, Kistavaens and other Celtic, Druidical and Scythian Monumentsin the Deccan", Transactions of the Royal Irish Academy, XXIV(Part III) (1862)
  162. Thuesen, I., "From Handaxe to Khan" (2004), Aarhus
  163. Varela Gomes, Mario, "Lisbon, Aspects of Megalithic Religion According to the Portuguese Menhirs, Prehistoric Art and Religion", Valcamonica Symposium ‘79, The Intellectual Expressions of Prehistoric Man :Art and Religion (1979)
  164. Victor, K., "Stones and the Maloh of Indonesian West Borneo", Journal of the Malaysian Branch Royal Asiatic Society, XLVIII(Part.1) (1975)
  165. Von Koenigswald, C. H. R., "A Remarkable Megaliths and Gold Ear-Ring from Java", The Sarawak Museum Journal, X(19-20) (1962)
  166. Walhouse, M. J., "Non-Sepulchral Rude Stone Monuments", Journal Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, 7 (1878)
  167. Worschech, U., "Cromlechs, Dolmen und Menhire, Beitrage zur Erforschung der antiken Moabitis (Ard el-Kerak), Theologische Hochschule Friedensau" (2002)
  168. Wright, G.E., "Shechem, The Archaeology of the City", Biblical Archaeologist, 20 (1957)
  169. Moula Ali Excavation, Annual Reports of the Archaeological Department of His Exalted Highness the Nizam’s Dominations 1915-16, "Yazdani, G.", ~
  170. Yadu Vanshi, "The ‘Masks’ on Deccan Pottery", Proceedings of the Hyderabad Archaeological and Historical Society (1941)
  171. Yeivin, S, "Temples That Were Not", Eretz Israel, 11 (1973), Hebrew
  172. Yogev, O., "A Fifth Millennium B.C. Sanctuary in the ‘Uvda Valley", Qadmoniot, 16 (1983)

관련 논문AI추천

남인도 거석문화의 현황과 성격 -비누콘다(Vinukonda)와 큠붐(Cumbum)지역을 중심으로-이헌재한국고대학회 · 선사와 고대2011 · 제35호대구 월배지역 입석의 기능과 출현 배경김권구영남문화연구원 · 영남학2020 · 제73호A Comparison of the Dolmens in North-Eastern Asia하문식한국고대학회 · 선사와 고대2006 · 제24호韓國 靑銅器時代 環狀列石에 대한 小考유태용한국유라시아연구원 · 유라시아문화2020 · 제2권 遼東 南部 地域 支石墓의 立地와 長軸 方向 設定 背景과 패턴오강원동아시아문화연구소 · 동아시아문화연구2012 · 제51호요동반도 지역 청동기시대 묘제의 지역성과 그 의미 - 고인돌문화와의 상호작용을 중심으로오대양동북아역사재단 · 동북아역사논총2023 · 제82호

이 간행물의 다른 논문 (7건)

[기획논문] 고인돌과 적석총의 구조적 양식으로 본 제천문화 기능임재해pp. 3-58[기획논문] 흑수백산지구 소남산문화 ‘적석단총-옥석기문화’의 요서지구 소하서문화∼흥륭와문화로의 전파정경희pp. 59-153[기획논문] 한국 신석기시대 적석무덤의 검토유태용pp. 155-210인도네시아 숨바섬의 주거문화와 고리형 기둥장식의 기능이병건pp. 281-303유라시아 제민족의 생물인류학 특징 - 치아인류학 특징을 중심으로방민규pp. 305-325
원문 보기