[기획논문] 한국 신석기시대 적석무덤의 검토

Abstract

About 160 tombs of the Korean Neolithic period have been investigated in 19 places since the investigation into the remains of Songpyeong-dong, Unggi-gun, Hamgyeongbuk-do in 1929. The types of tombs include pit graves, cave tombs, stone piled tombs, stone cists, jar tombs, and shell-covered tombs. In this paper, I reviewed the stone piled tombs of the Neolithic period in the Korean Peninsula, which have been investigated so far, focusing on stone tombs. The Neolithic stone piled tombs were subdivided into stone-covered forms and shell-covered tombs instead of stone, and were investigated on low-lying land on the coast, inside coastal dunes, or on hilly ridges. The shell-covered tomb in Songpyeong-dong in Unggi was investigated from the shell midden inside the coast. The Janghang site of Gadeokdo Island in Busan built a stone piled tomb in the form of collecting stones in a circular shape in the sandy layer of the coast. The shape of the stone piled tomb is classified into three types: circular, oval, and square. Circular shapes include Sido shell Midden in Incheon, No. 166 of Yean-ri in Gimhae, Gadeokdo Janghang in Busan, and Geumgokdong Yul-ri in Busan. Oval forms include Ando Shell Midden in Tongyeong, Yeondaedo in Tongyeong, Sandeong site in Tongyeong, and Yokjido in Tongyeong. As a square, there is the site of Hueam-ri in Seosan. Methods of burial of stone piled tombs include the method of straightening and burying the body, the method of sideways burying the body, the method of bending and burying the body, the method of selecting and burying only the bones, and the method of burning the body. Methods of straightening and burying the body include the site of Yeondaedo in Tongyeong and Sandeung in Tongyeong, and methods of burying the body sideways include No. 5 stone tomb of Yeondaedo in Tongyeong. The method of bending and burying the body is No. 3 stone piled tomb of Yeondaedo in Tongyeong. The method of burning the body by fire is the remains of the Sido Shell Midden in Incheon. It was also confirmed at the site of Hupo-ri in Uljin, that only bones were collected and buried. The shape of the stone piled tombs in the Korean Neolithic period is generally single tombs, but Hunam-ri in Seosan and Hupo-ri in Uljin are multi-personnel. In particular, in the case of Hupo-ri in Uljin, about 40bodies are buried in two forms, such as selecting and burying bones with a certain difference in time, and straightening and burying the body. No.2 of Yeondaedo in Tongyeong is a three-person tomb, and No. 2 of Yokjido in Tongyeong is a two-person tomb. When reviewing the spatial composition of the stone piled tomb, it was investigated that the tomb and living space coexist or the tomb area exist independently. The coexistence of tombs and living spaces is related to shell midden as Songpyeong-dong in Unggi, Yeondaedo in Tongyeong, Yokjido in Tongyeong, and Ando in Yeosu, and the presence of tomb areas is related to stone structures or multi-personnel tombs such as Hueam-ri in Seosan, Hupo-ri in Uljin, and Gadeok-do Janghang site in Busan. Stone piled tombs date back to the formative, early, mid, and late Neolithic periods. The remains of Yeondae-do in Tongyeong were formative stone tombs, with raised pattern earthenware and patternless earthenware, and the C14 of the V-1 layer measured 7120±700 B.P. and 6780±1000 B.P. The Janghang site of Gadeokdo in Busan is belonged to the early stone tomb, earthenwares such as raised pattern pottery with encircling protection around rim, diagonal patterns, fishbone patterns, needle lines, single diagonal patterns, and ridges were excavated. C14 of 10 layers of Stone Pile Features No. 67 is measured as 5470±50 B.P., and C14 of Stone Pile Features No. 76 is measured as 5290±50 B.P. In the mid period stone piled tomb, there are Hueam-ri in Seosan, Yokjido in Tongyeong, and Ando in Yeosu, where pottery with sequential range of points and herringbone pattern are excavated together. Late period of stone piled tombs include the sites of Songpyeong-dong in Unggi, Sido Incheon, Sandeong site in Tongyeong, and Hupo-ri in Uljin, where chroma and double-adhesive earthenware are excavated. It is interpreted that the stone piled tombs of the Neolithic period of Korea have the characteristics of the primitive and fundamental tombs of the Liaodong Peninsula and the Korean Peninsula. Among them, the site of Hueam-ri in Seosan, in particular, is rectangular tombs in shape of the Neolithic Period investigated from hilly areas, and is stone piled tomb where several persons are buried together in a mixed stone structure. In this way, it can be seen that Korean Neolithic stone piled tombs utilize the form of stones piled up in the construction of tombs in the structural characteristics of stone tombs from the Neolithic period in the Liaodong Peninsula.