남인도 거석문화의 현황과 성격 -비누콘다(Vinukonda)와 큠붐(Cumbum)지역을 중심으로-
An Essay on Characteristics and Distribution Patterns of South India Megalithic Culture -Focused on Vinukonda and Cumbum Province-
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본 논문은 Vinukonda와 Cumbum 지역의 지석묘(Dolmen), 석관묘(Cist), 판상열석(Slab circle), 성혈(Cup-mark), 제단(Terrace), 돌 의자(Stone Seat) 등 거석시대(Megalithic) 유적을분석하여 다음과 같은 몇 가지 성과를 얻을 수 있었다. 첫째, 조사지역의 지석묘는 무덤과 제단 기능으로 분류될 수 있고 거석시대(B.C1,200300)에는 무덤(Graves)이었다가 제단(Altar)으로 전환되었다. 둘째, 지석묘에는 神이 들어가는 門이 동쪽에 위치해 있고, 支石墓 개석의 太陽圓文, 장축 방향이 동서이기 때문에 지석묘를 조영한 사람은 태양신을 믿고 있었다. 세째, 二次葬 분포는 인도, 인도네시아, 동남아시아, 태평양, Taiwan, 중국, 일본 등 남방문화 지역과 북방지역에서 실행되고 있다. 다섯째,板狀列石(Slab circle)의 분포는 인도의 Mudumalla, Laos의 Muong Lat, Muong Pang,Okayama의 Tatetak 유적에서 볼 수 있다. 여섯째, 직사각형 모양의 祭壇(Terrace)은 인도네시아 Bali의 Pura Melaka, Puru Pintu유적, Sumatra, Sumba에 분포되어 있다. 일곱째, 돌의자(Stone Seat)는 농경지역에서 농민들의 휴식처로 쓰이는 기념물이며 인도네시아에분포되어 있다. 인도와 스리랑카를 포함한 남아시아의 거석문화는 서 아시아뿐 아니라 동남아시아와 동북아시아의 거석문화를 비교 검토하여 선사시대 문화전파의 길을 민족지고고학적(Ethno-Archaeological) 이론으로 검증해야 할 과제가 남아 있다.
Abstract
We have conducted an archaeological exploration in Vinukonda of Guntur and Cumbum taluk of Prakasham districts from on 3rd Feb 2006 to 11th Feb 2006. It had obtained good results that we have discovered the 11 dolmens, 1 cist, 2 cup-marks on the natural rock, 1 slab stone circle, 2 menhirs, 1 terrace, 2 stone seats, and 1 rock-shelter. Conclusively, we could find some common features from the sites;Firstly, all the sites had been located nearby the water pits, streams, lakes, and on the foothills and adjoining the forest and agriculture field area. Second, cup-marks on the capstone of altar type dolmen would reveal the star map, and line on capstone of stone seats available are for the game board. Third, one common feature of the entire dolmen is being worshipped by the natives as temple, and looked upon as "the spirit dwelling place" as settled. When the dolmens were demolished, temples were constructed at the place of dolmens. Fourth, in the case of Vinukonda dolmen, long axis direction of altar dolmen and the gate of God are set to the east,which is related to the sun religions of animism as a natural belief. Fifth, secondary burial rites practicing in cist site of south India as an ethno-archaeological material could be compared with Asian regions. The tribes such as Chuckhee, Koryark, Giliak, Yukaghir in Southeast Asia, Okinawa in Japan, Taiwan, North and middle of China, Indonesia, Vietnam, Cambodia, Borneo, Summatra, Celebes, Philippines as well as Trobriand Islands in Pacific regions and Africa follow this practice. Also, they were found in Biracen tribes of Tungus. We will make an investigation that altar type dolmens of Vinukonda and Cumbum could be for a comparative study with dolmens as a burial and temple function of the other regions.
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