A Comparison of the Dolmens in North-Eastern Asia
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초록
동북아시아 지역의 고인돌에 대한 성격을 이해하는데에는 한반도와 중국 동북지역의 고인돌이 중요하다. 최근 동북지역의 고인돌에 대한 조사와 연구가 활발하게 이루어지면서 그 의미가 새롭게 조명되고 있다.이 글은 한반도와 동북지역에 있는 고인돌의 분포, 축조, 기능, 장제 등을 중심으로 서로 비교·검토한 것이다. 이러한 검토를 통하여 이 지역의 고인돌 성격이 지니는 몇가지 특징을 살펴 보았다.먼저 고인돌의 분포 관계를 보면 한반도를 중심으로 한 주변 지역은 세계적인 고인돌 집중지로 밝혀졌다. 황해를 중심으로 밀집 분포하고 있는 점에서 '환황해 고인돌문화권'의 설정도 가능할 것 같다.고인돌의 축조에 있어서는 단(壇) 위에 건립한 점, 굄돌에 홈이 파여진 것, 균형 유지를 위한 수평 문제, 안정감을 고려한 굄돌의 안기울임 등이 조사되었다. 그리고 고인돌의 기능 문제는 무덤 이외에도 제단의 가능성이 제기되었다. 특히 요령지역의 대형 탁자식 고인돌은 후대에 종교 장소로도 이용되어 시사하는 점이 많다.고인돌의 장제는 화장 습속과 제의 관계를 검토하였다. 화장은 길림지역의 휘발하 유역에서 집중적으로 조사되었으며, 특이한 점은 간골화장이 널리 유행한 것이다.
Abstract
In this study, the features of the culture of the dolmens in North-Eastern China and on the Korean peninsula could be arranged as follows.1. The Korean peninsula and the regions around it are the places where dolmens are most concentrated in the world. In particular, it is possible to establish a Yellow Sea Dolmen Culture Area, for the dolmens are most densely distributed on the Korean peninsula, in Liaoning, and in Jilin on the Yellow Sea.2. The capstones of the dolmens show the construction and techniques used in the making the dolmens and reveal the problems which were associated with their constructions. The size of the capstones was determined according to transportation capacity and quarrying skills of the prevalent culture. The relationship between the lengths and the breadths of the capstones of the dolmens are almost all within the range of 1.5 to 1.3. From the construction of the dolmens on the Korean peninsula and in North-Eastern China, we have ascertained the following similarities: dolmens were constructed on a platform, the prop-stones tilt inside, grooves were cut in them to help keep the capstone horizontally balanced.4. We have raised the possibility that the function of the dolmens was not only that of a burial site but also that of an altar. In particular, the large table-type dolmens in Liaoning, used as religious gathering places in later ages, suggest many significant things about the function of dolmens as altars.5. We have examined the funeral rites, focusing the customs of cremation and animal sacrifice. It is a regional feature of the funeral rites that the cremations were performed on almost all the dolmens in the basin of Huifa, in Jilin. Most importantly, Jianque-type cremations in this area could be regarded as peculiar funeral manners and customs.
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