高句丽壁画墓的研究历程、反思与展望
Retrospection and Prospection on History of Research in Koguryŏ Mural Tomb
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高句丽政权始建于汉元帝建昭二年，灭亡于唐高宗总章元年，国祚705年。高句丽极盛之时，西抵辽河，北到今吉林市，东达今延边地区，南至朝鲜半岛汉江流域。在这片广袤的区域发现123座具有鲜明民族特色、地域风格的壁画墓，学界一般将其统称为高句丽壁画墓。高句丽壁画墓是高句丽考古的重要研究对象，高句丽壁画墓研究有利于深入探究高句丽的历史与文化，有利于全方位审视公元1~7世纪东亚社会、东亚各族群、各政权的沧桑巨变。从19世纪中期首次著录开始，高句丽壁画墓始终是中外学者关注的焦点，相关论著数量众多，遗憾的是国内至今缺少系统而全面的整理。有鉴于此，本文以高句丽壁画墓的发现、调查与发掘入手，依据中国、日本、韩国、朝鲜以及欧美各国学界高句丽壁画墓研究论文的数量与质量，研究领域、内容与方法等方面的阶段性差异，将高句丽壁画墓的研究历程划分为萌芽期(19世纪末~20世纪40年代)、探索期(20世纪50~70年代)、发展期(20世纪80~90年代)与繁荣期(21世纪以来)等四个时期，从代表学者与代表性论著、综合研究与个案研究、图像研究、专题研究等方面对高句丽壁画墓研究成果进行系统归纳总结。并在此基础上，从考古学与历史学视阈下的高句丽壁画墓研究，多学科、多领域、多角度的高句丽古墓壁画图像学研究，东亚—欧亚视阈下的高句丽壁画墓研究三个方面对目前高句丽壁画墓研究中存在的问题与对策以及未来的发展趋势略作推定。 主要观点： 1.田野考古工作对高句丽壁画墓发掘背景及出土内容的翔实记录是保障研究顺利进行的前提条件。高句丽壁画墓的分期与编年问题是高句丽考古研究的核心问题，亦是全面透析高句丽壁画图像学价值的重要支点。由于学者们对何者为断代的主要因素，何者为次要因素，判定标准不一，加之选择的类比对象及分析视角、切入点不同，使得结论存在较大分歧。如何减少或是排除人为因素干扰，如何更为科学地利用考古学方法对高句丽壁画墓进行理性而客观的阐释，特别是主客观因素划定标准的确立亟待考古人深入思考。 2.高句丽壁画墓亦如世间万物处于不断变化之中，研究者将其划分成若干阶段和时期，是为了更好地理解、把握和解释形制演变。这种阶段和时期的划分是一种外在的形式，归根结蒂，关键是如何看待与阐释历时性变化背后隐含的历史内涵，如何寻得有效的途径使得看不见的东西被人看见，在此点上考古学与历史学没有区别。 3.高句丽古墓壁画可以为高句丽文化艺术史、社会生活史、宗教思想史、天文科技史，乃至政治经济史研究提供重要佐证。通过图像研究高句丽历史与文化时，需要注意“图像证史”的程序：识别壁画所绘图像，对其进行描述是研究的开端；分析壁画图像的功用与社会属性是研究的升华；解释壁画图像存在的意义或者说揭示其在高句丽社会，乃至东亚社会的地位、作用与影响是研究的目标。研究中应该避免停留于第一阶段，同时，也要格外留意不要过度阐释。各个研究领域的“术业专攻”是过度演绎的温床，多学科、跨领域的合作是接近事实本来面目的有效途径。 4.20世纪日本学者最早从东亚视角探究高句丽壁画墓及壁画图像的源流、发展与演变。21世纪以来韩国学者将研究视阈扩展至中亚地区，积极寻找高句丽文化交流圈的最大半径。欧美学者的研究带来了不同于东方学者的理念、视角与方法。在东亚—欧亚视阈下研究高句丽壁画墓、高句丽文化是现在与未来中外学者不能回避的存在。 受获取资料与文章篇幅的限制，本文难免疏漏，敬请专家批判指正。
Abstract
Koguryŏ was established in the second year of Jianzhao during Emperor Yuan of Han Dynasty’s reign, and continued its existence for 705 years until it was destroyed in the first year of Zongzhang during Emperor Gaozong of the Tang Dynasty’s reign. Koguryŏ reached the Liao River to the west at its apex, and expanded to the present Jilin City to the north. Also, the kingdom’s territory reached the present Yanbian region to the east, and expanded to the Han River basin of the Korean Peninsula to the south. Currently, 123 tombs with mural paintings have been found with a strong ethnic characteristic and local ethos in this large territory. In academic circle, these tombs are commonly referred to as Koguryŏ Mural Tomb. Koguryŏ Mural Tomb is an important subject for research in the archaeological field of Koguryŏ, and its related studies support in-depth research on the Koguryŏ’s history and culture. Further, it is a significant evidence to thoroughly examine the changes of East Asian societies, ethnic groups, and various regimes from the first to seventh centuries. Since the first record about them in the middle of the 19th century, the tomb murals of Koguryŏ have always been the center of the attention for scholars from China and other countries, and consequently vast research achievements have been accumulated. Still, regrettably there is no systematic and comprehensive review about these achievements. Thus, starting with the discovery, investigation, and excavation process of the mural tombs of Koguryŏ mural paintings, this paper divides the process of the research into the four periods as in the following, under the consideration of the phased differences in number, level, research area, content and method of research papers on Koguryŏ Mural Tombs in China, Japan, North Korea, South Korea, and the United States. These periods will be namely Germinal Period(19th century to 1940s in the 20th century), Exploration Period(1950’s to 1970s in the 20th century), Development Period(1980s to 1990 in the 20th century) and Prosperity Period(after the 21st century). Next, focusing on the representative scholars, representative articles, comprehensive research, individual research, iconic research, and specific subject research, it collectively reviews the previous research achievements. Based on this attempt, this paper investigate the problems presently occurring in the related studies in three aspects: studies on the mural tombs from the perspective of archeology and history, multi-disciplinary and multi-visual approach to Koguryŏ mural paintings, and studies on Koguryŏ Mural Tombs from the perspective of East Asia and Eurasia. Additionally, it presents measures for these issues and prospects for the future development. Main arguments: 1. Field archeology is a detailed record of the process and contents of Koguryŏ Mural Tombs, as well as a prerequisite for smooth progress of the related research. The issue of period and chronology of Koguryŏ Mural Tombs is the core of Koguryŏ archeological research, and also a basis for supporting the value of Koguryŏ's mural painting. While the criterion to classify the major or second factor for chronology is different for each scholar, including objects for comparison, analysis perspective, and access points. Consequently, there is a large difference in the conclusions inferred from each scholar. It is necessary to exclude artificial confounders and rationally and objectively approach it in accordance with a scientific archeological method. Particularly, as it is imperative to establish standards to judge whether subjective or objective factors, a deep consideration about this matter in academic circle is required. 2. Koguryŏ Mural Tombs have also undergone constant changes like everything in the world. Thus, dividing the stages and periods of development is to more deeply understand them, as well as to grasp and interpret their changes. The stage and period divisions are a kind of external form, and its essence is to reveal historical meaning concealed behind the change of the historical characteristics. It is important to speculate about what effective path will reveal invisible objects on surface of the water. In this regard, the aim of archaeological and historical studies are not different. 3. Koguryŏ tomb murals provides important evidence to Koguryŏ's culture and art history, social life history, religious ideology history, astronomy science and technology history, and political economy history. In studying Koguryŏ's history and culture through the mural paintings, the process and procedures for “proving history based on paintings” should be kept in mind. Also, identifying and describing the images depicted in the mural painting should be a starting point of related research. The purpose and social characteristic of the mural painting is a sublimation of related researche. Additionally, the interpretation of the meaning of its existence, and contents about the position, role and influence in Koguryŏ and East Asian society is the purpose of the study. In carrying out the related research, while it should not stay in the first stage, an excessive logic leap in interpretation is not desirable. Deeply digging into only a specific research area is a hotbed of over-interpretation. Therefore, a multi-disciplinary approach can be an effective path to reveal the true nature of historical facts. 4. Japanese academic circle in the 20th century have already studied the origins and changes in the tomb murals and Koguryŏ Mural Tombs from the East Asian perspective. In the 21st century, Korean scholars have expanded the perspective of related research to the Central Asian region and attempted to draw the maximum radius of Koguryŏ’s cultural exchange sphere. Western scholars presented different ideologies, perspectives and methodologies from Asian scholar’s. An approach to look at the Koguryŏ’s mural tombs and culture with East Asia-Eurasian viewpoint is an inevitable task that domestic and foreign scholars should face in the present and future. Due to a lack of collected materials and limitation of quantity in presentation paper, since some omissions may have occurred, I humbly ask for criticism and correction.
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