조선후기 토지공개념의 유형과 그 성격

Abstract

This paper compares the gyeolbu-yangjeon-beob(結負量田法), bangjeon-beob(方田法, square field system), and jeongjeon-beop(井田法, nine-square field system) land management systems to explore the methods and history of public land ownership during the late Joseon Dynasty. These reforms were enacted to find and resolve the causes of inequality in land ownership. The Joseon government’s initial system was the gyeolbu-yangjeon-beob(結負 量田法), a method of measuring and taxing land in units of gyeolbu(結負) and lasted until the end of the Middle Ages. Under the gyeolbu-yangjeon-beob(結負量 田法), land was taxed at 10% of its value as a form of equal taxation(均稅), but it did not account for eungyel(隱結) and jinjeon(陳田). Then the bangjeon-beob(方田法) was implemented to more comprehensively manage land. Under this system, the complete topography of the area ruled by the Joseon dynasty, including farmland and mountain rivers, were drawn in the Fish Scales Register(魚鱗圖). Terrain was measured by creating small mounds where horizontal and vertical surveying lines met at regular intervals. The bangjeon-beob(方田法) system was a system of public land ownership that was implemented to achieve gyunpyung(均平). The following system was the jeongjeon-beop(井田法) land distribution plan developed by Dasan Jeong Yak-yong. He promoted public land ownership in order to implement gyunsan(均産). Under this plan, he sought to implement a combination of the bangjeon-beob(方田法) and jeongjeon-beop(井田法). Each of these land reform land management systems were implemented to address inequality broadly, but all had different methods and specific goals. The Joseon government adopted the gyeolbu-yangjeon-beob(結負量田法), as a partial reform measure in line with the interests of the ruling class. The bangjeon-beob(方田法) and jeongjeon-beop(井田法) methods of public land ownership were never fully realized.