다산 정약용의 토지개혁론과 현실인식

Abstract

The land reform theory presented in Chŏng Yak-yong’s works Mongminsimsŏ(牧民心書) and Kyŏngseyup’yo(經世遺表) illustrates his recognition of the reality of Chosŏn in the 18th and 19th centuries. In particular, his theories - called Yangjŏnbŏp(量田法, Land Survey theory), Pangjŏnbŏp(方田法, Square-Field theory), and Chŏngjŏnbŏp(井田法, Well-Field theory) - reflect three phases in his historical consciousness. Yangjŏnbŏp (the first phase) was criticized as a system that accelerated the downfall of farmers. As the second phase, Pangjŏnbŏp and Ŏrindosŏl(魚鱗圖說) were regarded as the best ways to resolve land contradictions and to prepare the implementation of Chŏngjŏnbŏp. In the third phase, Chŏngjŏnbŏp and Yŏjŏnnon(閭田論, Community Land theory) were his final goal. The final step was to implement Chŏngjŏnbŏp through a gradual and phased preparation process, and further, to maximize the agricultural productivity. Chŏng Yak-yong’s goal was to expand Kongjŏn(公田, Public Land) based on the ideology of Wangjŏn(王田, King’s land). His plan was to implement the public concept of land ownership through the realization of equal taxation(均稅), equal job distribution(均職), and equal production(均産). He aimed to only distribute land to farmers according to their labor capacity, and to achieve a 1/9 or 1/10 tax rate. In addition to farmers, merchants, officials, and elites would also be responsible for their specialized roles to implement his new ideal state.