金壽弘 『天下古今大總便覽圖』에 나타난 天下像과 天下觀에 대한 再檢討

Abstract

This paper re-examines the worldview and depiction of the world in Kim Su-hong’s 17th-century work, Cheonha gogum daechong pyeollamdo. While the overall structure and appearance of Kim Su-hong’s map bear similarities to the Chinese map, Gu jin xing sheng zhi tu, the details of each region exhibit unique characteristics. First, China is depicted with a dual structure of “present” and “past.” The Ming Dynasty represents “present” China, while “past” China is depicted based on the “Tribute of Yu” chapter from the Book of Documents. Second, neighboring countries and other forces, aside from Joseon, are depicted with varying degrees of importance. Lastly, demonstrating a more open perspective, credible Western knowledge such as references to “Europe and Matteo Ricci,” is deliberately positioned on the Mongolian Plateau. Additionally, Kim Su-hong incorporates various intellectual resources, such as countries from the Classic of Mountains and Seas, an ancient Chinese geographical gazetteer, to depict an expanded world. As a result, Kim Su-hong’s map largely adheres to the traditional China-centered worldview. However, it reflects significant shifts in perceptions of China, Joseon, and newly introduced Western civilizations. First, ancient China, organized according to the geographical framework of the “Tribute of Yu,” is given greater importance than “present” China, represented by the Ming Dynasty, emphasizing the enduring and unchanging nature of Chinese civilization. Second, Joseon is portrayed as having a transcendent status within Chinese civilization. In the absence of an orthodox dynasty in mainland China, Joseon is seen as the rightful successor to Chinese civilization, distinguishing it from other neighboring countries. Although the Qing Dynasty is intentionally downplayed, its presence can be inferred from the distinct depiction of Manchuria. Finally, with an open-minded approach, Kim Su-hong integrates new Western geographical knowledge into the traditional China-centered worldview, using a variety of intellectual sources to respond to the expanding geographical understanding of the world.