디커플링- 독일 공공외교와 문화교류의 원칙 그리고 통일
Decoupling: German Public Diplomacy and Unification
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이차 세계대전 이후 독일에서 문화외교를 담당하는 다양한 기관들은 정부의 일상적인 외교정책으로부터 분리, 디커플링 되어 일정한 독자성을 갖고 다른 국가들의 국민들과 소통하고 교류하는 문화외교의 개별적인 행위자로서 활동했다. 그런의미에서 방법의 다원성과 행위자의 독자성이 전후 독일 공공외교의 특성이라고할 수 있다. 이 논문에서 주목하는 것은 행위자의 다원성과 독자성을 보장하는 문화외교와 정치 간의 디커플링 원칙이 서독의 대 동독 교류정책에서도 확인될 수있다는 사실이다. 그렇기 때문에 분단 시기 동서독의 교류관계가 정치관계의 변화에 크게 영향을 받지 않고 지속될 수 있었다. 물론 디커플링 원칙에 기반을 둔문화외교 그리고 교류정책이 이룬 성과를 경험적으로 측정하는 것은 불가능하다. 그러나 1990년 동독의 자유총선거에서 동독주민들의 다수가 서독을 동독체제에대한 대안으로 선택하였다는 것과 매년 정기적으로 진행되는 BBC의 설문조사에서몇 년째 독일이 국제사회에서 가장 호감이 가는 나라로 선정되고 있다는 사실은독일식 “공공외교”의 성과라고 할 수 있다. 그런 의미에서 교류관계를 구축하는과정에서 일상정치와 교류를 분리하는 디커플링 정책을 충분히 검토해 볼 필요가있을 것이다.
Abstract
In West Germany after the World War II a number of institutions werecreated in order to promote communication and exchange with peoples inforeign countries. Politically, these institutions, which nowadays would beconsidered as part of “public diplomacy”, were decoupled from day-to-dayforeign policy of the German government and pursued their own agenda. Thepluralism of actors and their autonomy are the specific characteristics of WestGerman “public diplomacy” after World War II. This approach to “publicdiplomacy” decoupled and uncontrolled by diplomacy seems to contribute muchto the high reputation of Germany in foreign countries, which recently came tolight in a BBC global poll. This paper focusses on the principle of decoupling in the relationsbetween West and East Germany. Even in the face of adverse politicalconditions in and relations between the two countries, cultural, social andeconomic exchanges could be sustained continuously over 40 years of divisiondue to decoupling. In this case too, as is true of most forms of communication andexchange, it is practically impossible to predict and measure the impacts of suchexchanges in a satisfactory way, in particular when there are many actors withvery diverse agendas. Yet, in hindsight, it is quite clear that West Germandecoupling helped mutual understanding of the people and played an importantrole in the creation of conditions favourable to German unification. EastGermans considered, long before unification, West Germany to be an alternativeto their own system. Therefore it should be worth the effort to give some serious considerationto the meaning and role of decoupling in foreign relations.
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