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포스트-소비에트 러시아 마르크스주의에서의 ‘소비에트 문제’, 혹은 소비에트 연방의 사후의 삶

‘The Soviet Problem’ in Post-Soviet Russian Marxism, or the Afterlife of the USSR

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상허학회 (The Learned Society of Sanghur’s Literature)|2021.06|상허학보 (Sanghur Hakbo: The Journal of Korean Modern Literature)|제62권 |pp. 69-116|DOI 10.22936/sh.62..202106.004

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러시아관료제BureaucracyRussia마르크스주의Marxism국가자본주의state capitalism포스트-소비에트소비에트 문제post-SovietSoviet problem
주제분류한국어와문학

초록

이 논문은 포스트—소비에트 시기에 부상한 러시아어권 마르크스주의, 또는 신마르크스주의 학파의, 소비에트 경험에 관한 서로 다른 마르크스주의 이론들을 (다른 과거 동구권의 마르크스주의 전통에 대한 언급과 동시에) 다루고 있다. 고전적인 소비에트 식의 ‘마르크스—레닌주의’를 한쪽으로 밀어두고 비판적이며, 포스트—소비에트적 마르크스 주의에 집중하면, 이 이론들이 ‘근본적 거부주의’ 혹은 ‘테르미도르적’인 이론으로 분류될 수 있음을 이 글은 보일 것이다. 전자는 카우츠키를 비롯해 초기에 레닌을 반대한 이들의 중대한 비판과 같은 선상에서 1917년 10월 혁명의 사회주의적 성격을 전면적으로 부정한다. 후자는 혁명이 적어도 사회주의 지향적이기는 했다고 정의하지만, 여기서 더 나아가 여러 종류의 ‘국가자본주의’론, 그리고 스탈린주의적 사회들이 본질적으로 정통적 자본주의와는 다른 포스트 혁명적 산업주의의 특별한 종류라고 정의한 여러 이론가들로 이분화 된다. 그럼에도 대부분의 비 판적 포스트—소비에트 마르크스주의자들은, 소비에트 타입의 통치 체제가 점점 심화된 계급 분화를 향해 진화해 갔었다는 것에 동의한다. 그러나 소비에트 타입의 관료는 즉자적 계급이나 대자적 계급이라기보다 형성 중인 계급(class-in-the-making)이었다는 것을 기억해야 하며, 이 논지는 소비에트 타입의 산업주의와 정통 자본주의 사이의 유사점보다는 차이를 우선에 두었던 이론가들의 작업에서 더 자세히 설명된다.

Abstract

The present article is dealing with different Marxist theories on the Soviet experience, which emerged in post-Soviet Russophone Marxist or neo-Marxist scholarship (concurrently with some reference to Marxist traditions in other former Eastern bloc countries). The article demonstrates that these theories — if we leave the remaining ‘Marxist-Leninists’ of the classical Soviet type aside and focus on critical, post-Soviet Marxism — may be classified into either ‘fundamentally rejectionist’ or ‘Thermidorian.’ The former, in line with the seminal criticisms by K.Kautsky and other early opponents of Lenin, reject the socialist nature of October 1917 Revolution outright. The latter mostly define the Revolution as at least socialist-oriented, but further bifurcate into different varieties of ‘state capitalism’ thesis and a number of theorists defining the Stalinist societies as special varieties of post-revolutionary industrialism essentially different from orthodox capitalism. Most critical post-Soviet Marxists agree, however, that the main vector of Soviet-type regimes’ evolution indeed pointed towards increased class stratification. However, it has to be remembered that Soviet-type bureaucracy was a class-in -the-making rather than a class-in-itself or a class-for-itself, and this point is further elaborated in the works of these theorists who prioritize the differences rather than similarities between the Soviet-type industrialism and orthodox capitalism.

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