1917～1928년 러시아: 혁명에서 반혁명으로: 소비에트 러시아에서 스탈린주의 러시아로
Russia 1917~1928: From Revolution to counter-revolution
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구소련과 동유럽에서 스탈린주의 체제가 붕괴하자 주류 언론들은 좌파에게 1917 년 10월 러시아혁명에 대한 대대적인 이데올로기 공세를 가했다. 1917년 10월 러시아혁명은 20세기의 가장 중요하지만 끔찍한 사건이었다는 것이다. 그래서 ‘현실적인’ 방도는 체제의 부패하고 사악한 면들을 개선하는 것밖에 없다는 것이다. 하지만 이 글에서는 레닌이 추구했던 정치와 1928년 이후 스탈린이 보여준 정치사이에는 커다란 차이가 있음을 보여주고자 한다. 정치적으로 레닌이 스탈린을 낳았고 스탈린은 구소련 블록을 해체시킨 공포정치와 경제 정체를 낳았다는 주장은레닌-스탈린의 정치적 연속성 명제를 받아들이는 것이다. 그러나 10월혁명을 그 뒤에 일어난 일 때문에 비난하는 건 옳지 않다. 시간적으로 나중에 일어났다는 사실만으로 꼭 인과관계가 성립하는 것은 아니다. 러시아혁명이 패배한 이유는 외국 군대의 개입, 전쟁, 기아, 산업 파괴 등에 의해사회주의가 세워질 수 있는 기초가 파괴됐기 때문이다. 노동자 없이 노동자 권력이있을 수 없다. 마찬가지로 자원 없이 사회주의가 있을 수 없다. 노동자 당은 노동계급으로부터 생명을 공급받는다. 그런데 그 계급이 파괴됐으니 당은 고립되고 마침내 당의 고위 간부들이 지배계급이 되고 만 것이다. 이런 사태를 막기 위한 싸움을 벌인 수만 명의 진정한 사회주의자들이 스탈린의강제노동수용소에서, 사격병 앞에서 죽어갔다는 사실은 혁명을 이끈 당의 강고함과사회주의적 헌신을 입증하는 것이다.
Abstract
Today's global justice or altmondialiste movement would do well to redis- cover the Russian Revolution. It is a tremendous inspiration because it repre- sented a true democracy in the sense that the oppressed acted on their own, organising popular power from below, to liberate themselves. That democracy has partly been repeated throughout the past century, and is being repeated at the beginning of this century as people protest against Bush's Iraq War, WTO, neo-liberal economic policies and so on. We can learn from both the positive and the negative aspects that mainstream histor- ians have tried to wash over. Lenin, Trotsky and the Bolsheviks were convinced in 1917 that if the rev- olutionary Russia was left isolated it could not survive. They wanted the rev- olution to spread internationally. There were echoes of the Russian Revolution around Europe in 1918 through 1920. But Western socialists did not join forces with the revolutionary Russia. So the Western states were able to attack Russia to crush it in the civil war that followed the revolution. This created a huge military strain from 1918 till 1921. It also created economic chaos, which destroyed a large part of the factory life and urban life. The working class itself began to disappear ― they simply could not survive in the towns. Although the October Revolution enabled people to use the power they had won to put into practice some of the ideas flowing from the revolution, the chaos of the civil war undermined the basis for this to happen. The real democracy that had existed in Russia in 1917 was based on masses of workers. By 1921 the civil war had created a situation in which the factories and towns had been drained of those workers, so there was no longer a working class to be democratic. Out of this process began the degeneration of the revolution. It took sev- eral years for this to become complete. Stalin came to power in 1928. But the origins of his rise to power can be found in the fact that the workers in the factories in 1917 were no longer there in 1921. The revolution came from the strength of workers' self-activity from below. Stalin's rise came from the destruction of that strength and confidence. In 1928 everything was turned on its head and Stalin destroyed any rela- tion with what had happened in 1917. In the mid 1930s he physically liqui- dated most of the fellow Bolsheviks who had been involved in the 1917 revo- lution because they carried the memory of the revolution. This paper deals mainly with how the revolution was defeated between 1918 and 1928.