환경규제는 자발적일 수 없는가?: 자율환경협약의 논리와 효과성
Can’t environmental regulation be voluntary?: Logic and Effectiveness of Voluntary Environmental Agreement
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초록
정부주도의 전통적 규제방식은 집행단계에서 피규제집단의 공권력에 대한 저항을 발생시키며, 막대한 규제비용과 재정운용의 비효율성 문제를 야기한다. 기존의 규제방식의 한계를 보완하고자하는 다각적인 정책 대안으로서 최근 서구 국가들이 도입하여 시행하고 있는 ‘자율환경협약’은 기업의 자발적 환경보호노력의 작동기제에 주목한다. 자율환경협약은 환경의 불확실성 및 복잡성으로 인한 정부 정책의 목표와 내용의 합의가 어려운 환경문제의 해결에 실효성이 있으며, 개별 기업을 기반으로 한 집단적 노력을 통한 자율적인 환경혁신과 협력의 유도를 통해 환경문제 해결을 시도한다는 점에서 기존의 정부정책 일변도의 환경규제 기제에 대한 대안으로서 의미 있는 정책수단이 될 수 있다. 본 논문은 자율환경프로그램이 환경규제 영역에서 차지하는 규제대안으로서의 의의, 프로그램의 유형분류와 사례, 작동기제로서의 기업의 참여동기, 규제효과성 관련 이슈를 다룬다. 이러한 탐색적인 논의는 향후 환경규제의 새로운 대안으로서 대두되는 자율환경프로그램이 우리나라의 환경문제를 해결하는 데에 어떠한 실효성을 가질 수 있는지에 대한 후속적인 논의를 위한 이론적 바탕이 될 것이다.
Abstract
Traditional command-and-control approach faces resistance from the regulated groups and therefore causes financial inefficiency in environmental regulation. As one of alternatives of mandatory regulation, voluntary environmental agreement (or voluntary environmental program) pays attention on corporates’ role for environmental protection. Interests in this program are growing in both academic and practical ground in that this new approach tries to solve environmental problems through proactive efforts of businesses which traditionally used to be in a passive position in environmental regulation. This paper examines the significance of voluntary environmental program as a new policy approach for environmental protection, types and cases of the program, corporates’ participatory motivation as an operating mechanism, and related issues about the program’s effectiveness. This exploratory study provides a theoretical background for discussing the new approach’s possibility of solving environmental problems in Korea.
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