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환경문제 해결의 대안: 환경특구

An Alternative Approach to Environmental Problems: Environmental Special District

최재송
(재) 한국지방행정연구원 (Korea Research Institute for Local Administration)|2006.06|지방행정연구 (The Korea Local Administration Review)|제20권 제2호|pp. 135-160

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키워드

공동체community환경규제environmental regulation환경특구environmental special district
주제분류행정학

초록

환경문제 해결을 위한 명령과 통제의 규제 방식은 그 효과성에 있어서 많은 문제가 제기되고 있다. 특히 규제의 대상이 개인이나 기업이 아닌 지역공동체인 경우는 그 효과성이 더욱 저하될 수 있다. 이는 규제기관이 공동체에 관한 다양한 지역적 정보와 통제수단을 충분히 갖지 못한 반면에 규제대상 공동체의 주민 생업은 지나치게 제한받을 수 있기 때문이다. 이에 대한 대안으로 대두되는 것이 공동체의 자율적 노력을 기반으로 하는 환경 거버넌스의 해법인데, 아직은 제도적인 기반이 미흡하며 주민의 자발성에 주로 의존하고 있다. 한편 유럽이나 미국에서는 규제대상의 자율적 환경관리를 위하여 환경협약을 시행해 왔는데, 이는 주로 기업을 대상으로 한다. 이 제도를 공동체에 적용하려면 사례별로 정부와 공동체 간의 집단적 협상이 전제되어야 한다는 부담이 있다. 또 다른 대안으로서 본 연구는 환경특구를 제안하고자 한다. 우선 정부가 환경특구에 관한 기준을 마련하여 적절한 심사에 따라 환경규제가 완화된 환경특구의 지정과 갱신을 할 수 있는 제도를 제안한다. 여기에는 공동체의 자율적 환경관리를 위하여 공동체의 자치 기능이 전제되어야 한다. 본 연구는 환경특구 제도의 검토를 위한 제도적 기본사항을 제시한다.

Abstract

The effectiveness of command-and-control regulation has often been questioned in dealing with environmental problems. The situations seem to be more complicated when local communities are involved than when individuals or firms are so. Whereas the effectiveness of regulation is not so satisfactory, the behavior of the residents who reside in the regulated communities are excessively restricted. Most community-based environmental governance solutions are not yet institutionalized so that they are mostly dependent upon the voluntary activities of residents. Environmental agreements which have been frequently used in European countries and the U.S. are more institutionalized but applied only to firms. This study, therefore, proposes that the government should prescribe the standards for designating and renewing an environmental special district. Where the governmental standards are met by self-governed efforts, governmental regulation can be lessened or withdrawn. It is expected that the institution of environmental special districts will be effective particularly in community-based environmental management.

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