어쁘브란슈문학에 관한 소고: 힌디문학의 문학적 배경을 중심으로

Abstract

This study attempts to deal with the aspect of Apabhransha literature as the literary background of medieval Hindi literature by comparing the meter and form as well as the theme and the contents of Apabhransha and Hindi literature after analyzing the main streams in Apabhransha literature. Apabhransha was regarded as a despised language related to people of low cast like nomads in the beginning but became a literary language which was most suitable to express the emotions of daily life of common people freely. Many authors of Sanskrit and Prakrit works on poetics and grammar recognized Apabhransha literature as same category of Sanskrit and Prakrit literature Apabhransha literature can be classified into two large groups, epical and independent poems (Prabandha and Muktaka) by the form of poetry. Most of Apabhransha epics belong to the Prathamānuyoga which is one part of literature of Digambara sect of Jainism. Apabhransha epics explaine the attainment of deliverance (Moksa), doctrines including Mahāvrata and understanding towards human beings in Jainism in the forms of Purāna, Carita and Kathā. Sandesh Rāsaka dealing with human love and Kīrtilatā dealing with bravery of heroic king are the works which prove that there were different literary tendencies from the literature of Jainism. There are two categories of religious and secular works in Apabhransha independent poetry. It is remarkable that the themes and contents of secular works are very various. The theme and contents of Apabhransha epic is outwardly similar to that of Ram and Krishna Bhakti literature and Sufi love poetry in Hindi but not fundamentally. The reason is that the situations and spirits of two periods of Apabhransha and Hindi literature were different. The theme and contents of religious Apabhransha independent poems could be found in the works of Kabira while that of secular Apabhransha independent poems in the works of Riti poets. The representative vowel meter of Apabhransha like Dohā which was not existed before Apabhransha literature and the poetic form like Doha-Caupāī based on vowel meters fully developed in the medieval Hindi poetry. The very close relation between two literatures was due to the same character of both languages as Deshī Bhāsā viz a language of common people.