1911년 영령(英領) 인도의 수도이전에 관한 연구 - 델리 수도이전 결정의 역사적 배경과 식민정부의 논의 과정을 중심으로
The Decision for the Transfer of British Colonial Capital from Calcutta to Delhi in 1911 - Focusing on Its Background and Discussion
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본 연구에서는 1911년 영국 식민정부가 140여 년간 수도로 삼았던 캘커타에서 델리로 수도이전을 결정하게 된 배경과 논의의 전개과정에 대해 고찰하였다. 식민정부는 거대한 면적과 인구를 가진 벵갈 지역의 행정적 효율성 제고를 목적으로 1905년 벵갈분할령을 시행하였다. 그러나 그 근본적인 배경에는 당시 캘커타 지역을 중심으로 급부상하고 있던 벵갈리 힌두들이 주도하는 민족주의운동의 기세를 꺾어 놓기 위한 정치적 의도가 내포되어 있었다. 다시 말해 식민정부는 벵갈분할령 시행을 통해 무슬림이 인구의 다수를 차지하는 행정구역을 신설하여 벵갈 지역 힌두들의 정치적 영향력을 분쇄하는 분리통치의 이상적 실현을 목표로 하고 있었다. 그러나 정치적으로 이미 성숙해 있던 벵갈리 힌두들을 주축으로 한 인도국민회의는 벵갈분할령 시행의 정치적 의도를 정확히 파악하고 즉각적으로 대응하기 시작하였다. 벵갈분할령에 대한 초창기의 온건적 성향의 대응방식은 상이한 정치의식을 가진 집단과 그들이 설립한 조직들의 등장으로 인하여 점차 급진적·폭력적 성향을 동반하기 시작하였고, 이 과정에서 고조되기 시작한 힌두-무슬림 갈등과 그에 따른 종교폭동을 수반하면서 식민정부가 통제할 수 있는 수준을 넘어선 반영운동으로 발전하였다. 이에 식민정부는 사태해결을 위한 대안으로써 벵갈분할령의 철회를 결정하였다. 그러나 이것이 단독으로 시행될 경우 식민정부의 실정(失政)을 인정하는 것이 되며, 더 나아가 인도 민족주의 진영으로부터 정치적 굴욕으로 비화될 가능성을 고려하여 고도(古都) 델리로의 수도이전을 함께 결정하였다. 이를 통해 식민정부는 인도 민족주의 진영의 격앙된 반영(反英) 감정을 누그러뜨림과 동시에 벵갈분할령 철회가 불러 올 국내외로부터의 정치적 굴욕을 최소화하고, 인도에서 물러날 의지가 없음을 상징적으로 보여주고자 하였다. 그러나 식민정부의 이러한 정치적 의도와 달리 벵갈분할령의 철회와 수도이전 결정은 영국 제국주의와 인도 민족주의 진영의 전세(戰勢)가 명백하게 역전되는 분수령이 되었다.
Abstract
This article is to examine the background of the decision-making process for the transfer of the colonial capital from Calcutta to Delhi and the process of discussion on the subject. In the year of 1905, the Government of India decided to partition Bengal into two provinces primarily for administrative reasons. However, its fundamental purpose was aiming at the growing solidarity of the Bengali-speaking hindu people in the area, whose feelings and sentiments of nationalism was rapidly growing. For this, the Government of India partitioned the province into two. In the population structure of the new province of East Bengal, Muslims were in majority and the capital of this province was Dacca. Against this measure, there was a fierce agitation in the country, especially among Bengali hindus. They managed to win the nationalistic emotions of the Bengal area on their side with the new concepts came to be formulated, Swadeshi or Boycott movement. However, the political situation in the country was going from bad to worse with the emergence of Extremist and Terrorist activists. In addition, Hindu-Muslim communalism attended with violence was also born. The Government of India had ultimately to revise its decision in 1911 but could not escape from its consequences. Accordingly, the transfer of the colonial capital from Calcutta to Delhi was decided as an additional device to appease Indian people’s. The government expected that if the revision of the partition of Bengal was solely decided, it would be struck at most vulnerable point by the Indian nationalist leaders, mainly Bengali speaking hindu people. Accordingly, with the decision of the transfer of colonial capital, while appeasing the fiery sentiment of anti-British colonialism, they wanted to show their firm faith not to give up British rule in India. However, against their expectations, the decision to revise the partition of Bengal and to transfer of the colonial capital from Calcutta to Delhi marks a turning point in the history of British imperialism as well as Indian nationalism.
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