『인도 센서스』의 종교별 인구 조사와 종교 커뮤널리즘의 성장, 1871~1941
Survey of Religion-based Demography in Colonial Census of India and the Growth of Religious Communalism
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초록
본 연구는 식민지 시대의 『인도 센서스』를 분석하여 영국 식민주의의 종교에 대한 시각과 정책을 도출하고, 그것이 시대의 흐름에 따라 어떠한 변화를 보이고 있는지 파악한다. 『인도 센서스』는 인도의 각 종교를 정의하고 그를 통해 인구를 범주화하였으며, 각 종교의 신자 수를 세고 인구의 변동 추이를 종교별로 분석함으로써 각 종교 집단 간의 수의 경쟁을 초래했다. 무엇보다도 종교의 신자 집단을 커뮤니티로 개념화하고, 이를 각종 사회지표를 범주화하는 틀로 사용함으로써 커뮤니티간의 경쟁과 갈등의 원인을 제공했다고 평가할 수 있다. 그러나 동시에 종교 커뮤니티 사이의 경쟁이 집단적 폭력과 폭동으로까지 치달았던 상황에는 센서스나 식민정부의 정책 뿐 아니라 종교 집단의 다양한 운동, 개별 민족국가 형성을 위한 정치적 조종 등 다양한 요소가 개입하였음을 간과할 수 없다.
Abstract
This research attempts to examine the British colonial views and policies on religion and their diachronic evolution appeared in Census of India. The reports of Census of India defined Indian religions and tried to categorize people based on those definitions. It also counted the number of followers of each religion and analyzed its demographical trends, which resulted in the numerical competition amongst religions. Most of all, it caused communalism and communal conflicts by conceptualizing followers of each religion as a community and using the definitions as frames of categorization of various social indicators. However, we should not overlook the intervention of other elements such as the various movements of religious groups and political manipulations in the formation of nation-states based on religion in the evolution of competition among religious communities into collective violence and riots.
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