元代比较句试探 ‐ 以“比”字差比句和平比句为主 ‐

Abstract

Both bi-sentences and equal comparison sentences are significant phrases in Chinese referring to the comparative category, which have changed and developed through the history of complicated process. There have been active researches and accomplishments carried out by previous scholars, however, still the periodic study on their format and appearance frequency is on the threshold. Therefore, concrete and well-organized researches on them are highly required. To meet the demands, this paper aims to review the former studies, suggest certain types of each bi-sentence and equal comparison sentenceand try to thoroughly analyze them and their appearance frequency through the Yuan Dynasty focusing on {原本} 「老乞大」, 「近代汉语语法资料汇编」(元代明代卷), 「新校元刊杂剧三十种」, 「元典章ㆍ刑部」. Followings are the results of this study. Firstly, on the respect of the appearance frequency of the bi-sentences through the Yuan Dynasty the results shows five times in {原本} 「老乞大」, four times in 「近代汉语语法资料汇编」(元代明代卷), 42 times in 「新校元刊杂剧三十种, 32 in 「元典章ㆍ刑部」. This consequence mentions bi-sentences became more delicate with specialized functions and complex meanings at that time. Here are some specific figures. ① NP₁(comparative subject)+比(bi)+NP₂(comparison datum)+AP(comparison results). In modern Chinese, this form predominates over others while it charged only 29% in the Yuan Dynasty. ② NP₁+比+NP₂+VP. This form was found about 71% in the Yuan Dynasty, which is a significantly high figure. It was able to compare objects and related activities which was impossible to put with the ‘NP₁+比+NP₂+AP’ style. Secondly, equal comparison sentenceswere found in 11 times in {原本} 「老乞大」, 89 times in 「近代汉语语法资料汇编」(元代明代卷), 262 times in 「新校元刊杂剧三十种」, 11 times in 「元典章ㆍ刑部」, respectively. Followings are each type of bi-sentences andappearance frequency in the contexts. ① (NP₁)+VB+NP₂ (234: 62.7%) ② (NP₁)+VB+NP₂+AB (33: 8.9%) ③ (NP₁)+VB+NP₂+AB+W (21: 5.6%) ④ (NP₁)+W+VB+NP₂ (56: 15%) ⑤ (NP₁)+VB+NP₂+W (17: 4.6%) ⑦ (NP₁)+NP₂+AB+W (8: 2.1%) ⑧ (NP₁)+NP₂+AB (4: 1.1%) Thirdly, the negative forms of comparative sentences in the Yuan Dynasty can be classified into two; negative bi-sentences and negative equal comparison sentences. Details are followed. ① NP₁+Neg+比+NP₂/ NP₁+比+NP₂+异. These two types are the negative bi-sentences forms and they are similar to today’s ‘不像’, ‘跟……不一样’ or ‘不能跟……相比’. ② (NP₁)+Neg(不)+VB+NP₂ (negative version of form 1) (NP₁)+Neg(无/不)+W+VB+NP₂ (negative version of form 4) (NP₁)+Neg(不)+VB+NP₂+W (negative version of form 5) These negative formats of equal comparison sentences are categorized as a kind of difference comparison sentences which show that NP₁ is inferior to NP₂