한 자녀정책의 그늘-무호적자(黑戶)에 대한 일고찰

Abstract

This research explains how the principle of 'Family Register Given to Every Individual Born in the National Territory' stipulated in the Chinese Family Registration Act in 1958 has changed since the implementation of one child policy in the 1980s. As a result of contrasting the early 1980s and post 2010 in respect of media representations and policy enforcement, focused on ‘heihu(people without proper registration)’ and ‘adoption’ that fall outside the planned birth, discordant bureaucratic discourses between those periods have been discovered. Since the government announced the numbers of heihu, nearly 13 million, in 2010, the media has diagnosed that they are the outcomes of ‘corruption’ and ‘family planning vote veto(promotion evaluation system)’ of local governments. Reviewing the population policy documents in the early 1980s revealed that press criticism on corruption and local policy as the cause of heihu missed the target and the government granted the rights of collecting and using fines for encouraging officers bearing public resistance to enforce oppressive policies from the beginning. Chinese one child policy was not only limited to population management, but it also controlled population growth within borders through overseas adoption. Abandoned children from excess births and orphans in the state-operated facilities were aggressively adopted abroad by the government. It was a global child distribution policy violating civil rights-undeniable membership in the way that a profit out of adoption process counted towards national revenues.