고대중국 문물의 의미변화 연구 - ‘稷’을 중심으로-
A Study of Semantic Change in Ancient Chinese Culture - Focusing on 稷(Jik)
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참고문헌
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초록
고대 중국사회에서 ‘직(稷)’은 어떤 농작물의 명칭 그 이상의 의미를 지닌다. 우리는 고대 군주의 제단을 ‘社稷’이라고 부르는데 ‘사(社)’는 땅의 신, ‘직(稷)’은 곡물의 신(神)을 가리킨다. 우리는 보통 고대 사회에 전해지는 물질들 즉, 토용, 그림, 문자 등을 통해 물질문명속에 반영된 고대인의 정신문화를 확인할 수 있다. 그 중 우리는 ‘稷류’와 관련된 문물의 흔적을 살펴본다. 고대 중국 사회는 농경 중심 사회였기 때문에 국가 경영의 사상과 경제는 농업을 그 근간으로 삼았다. 오랫동안 ‘稷’과 ‘粟’ 등의 농작물을 통해 중국의 고대국가는 사회를 안정시키고 그 안정성을 유지시켜 왔다. 반면 목축사회는 다른 방향으로 발전하였다. 비록 그것들은 빠르게 확장될 수 있었지만 안정성을 유지할 수 없었다. 이것은 당시 사회에서 ‘稷’과 ‘粟’ 등의 농작물이 안정적인 수입원이 되었던 이유이기도 하였다. 이에 고대 사회에서 ‘稷’류 작물이 매우 중요한 곡물이었음을 짐작할 수 있다. 이에 본 연구에서는 ‘稷’과 관련된 다음의 항목을 검토하고자 한다. 첫째, 고대 중국 문명의 발전과 탐구를 통해 사물 ‘稷’의 이동 상황을 추정하고 그 호칭 변화의 원인을 탐구한다. 둘째, ‘稷’과 이 단어와 관련된 언어 현상 및 물질의 분석을 통해 본 연구는 그 명칭 혼재의 근원을 추적하고자 한다.
Abstract
In ancient Chinese society, "稷" twas more than just the name of a crop. We refer to the altars of ancient monarchs as "社稷", where "社" refers to the god of the earth and "稷" to the god of grain. We can usually see the mentalities of ancient people reflected in their material civilization through the materials that were passed down to ancient societies, such as pottery, paintings, and texts. Among them, we look at the traces of artifacts related to "稷-type". Ancient Chinese society was an agrarian one, so the ideas and economy of state management were based on agriculture. For a long time, crops such as "稷" and "粟" stabilized and maintained the stability of the ancient Chinese state. Pastoral societies, on the other hand, developed in a different direction. Pastoral societies, on the other hand, developed in a different direction. Although they could expand rapidly, they could not maintain stability. This is why crops such as "稷" and "粟" became a stable source of income for societies at the time. This suggests that "稷-type" crops were very important in ancient societies. In this study, we examined the following items related to '稷'. First, through the development and exploration of ancient Chinese civilization, we estimate the movement of the object "稷" and explore the reasons for its nomenclature change. Second, through the analysis of "稷" and the linguistic phenomena and materials related to this word, this study aims to trace the source of its nomenclature confusion.
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