日本語における好ましい項構造と人間性
Preferred Argument Structure and Human Referents in Japanese
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초록
本稿は好ましい項構造とディスコースにおける能格性(Du Bois 1987, 2003, 2017)を日本語のディスコースデータで検証する。Du Boisは人間のディスコースにおける好ましい項構造として、A項は非語彙項目となるが、S項とO項はその限りではないことを指摘し、ディスコースにおける能格性を提唱した。以後、ディスコースにおける能格性は、人間の認知レベルでの情報マネージメントによって引き起こされるとされ、多くの研究者に支持されてきた。しかし近年の研究では、A項の語彙項目となる傾向の低さはA項の人間性の高さが関係していると指摘され、ディスコースにおける能格性についても疑問視する声があがっている。本稿は、A項の人間性が好ましい項構造とディスコースにおける能格性の要因となっているのかを日本語のディスコースデータで検証することを目的とする。データ分析の結果、日本語のディスコースにおいてのA項の語彙項目となる傾向の低さが確認できたが、同時に他の２項に比べてA項の人間性の高さも確認することができた。本稿は、A項が語彙項目となる傾向の低さはA項の人間性の高さに深く関係しており、ディスコースにおける情報マネージメントとの結びつきは弱いという点を指摘する。
Abstract
The current study examines the Preferred Argument Structure and the discourse basis of ergativity (Du Bois 1987, 2003, 2017) in Japanese. Du Bois has pointed out that there is a set of statistic tendencies of argument distribution in discourse. Those tendencies include that the A role’s strong tendency to avoid lexical items, while the S and the O roles have greater freedom to host lexical items, and this statistical tendency is claimed to be the discourse basis of ergartivity. In his study, Du Bois has suggested that the speaker’s cognitive motivation for the Preferred Argument Structure and the discourse basis of ergativity. However, recent studies have suggested that the cognitive motivation is not a plausible explanation for the proposed statistical tendencies, but the A role’s inherent tendency to host human referents correlates with those statistical tendencies. With the examination of Japanese discourse data, the current study reveals that Japanese also shows tendency for the A role to be less lexical. The data also show that the A role’s high tendency to host human referents. Based on the examination, it is argued that non-lexicality of the A role in Japanese discourse is correlated with its high tendency to host human referents.
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