아이티의 국가 위기와 범죄 거버넌스의 부상
Haiti’s Crisis of the State and the Emergence of the Criminal Governance
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최근 중남미에서는 범죄조직이 자율성과 독자적 생존 능력을 강화하여 점차 국가권력에 도전하는 정치세력으로 변모하고 있다. 이는 민주주의와 법치주의를 훼손하고 시민의 정치·사회적 권리를 제한함으로써 중남미의 민주주의 발전에 심각한 방해 요인이 되고 있다. 아이티는 2021년 조브넬 모이즈 대통령이 암살된 이후 권력의 공백상태에서 갱단이 규칙을 정하고 강제하며, 경찰과 사법부의 기능을 무력화하여 비사법적 정의를 적용하고 공공서비스와 생필품을 제공하는 등 사회적 삶을 통제한다. 국가가 국민의 안전과 생명을 보호하지 못하면서 아이티는 고전적인 베버적 독점국가에서 범죄조직이 정치, 경제, 사회적 삶을 통제하는 범죄거버넌스로 전환하였다. 이 논문은 아이티의 사례를 통해 범죄조직이 국가권력에 도전하는 새로운 형태의 통치를 이해하는데 필요한 문헌들을 통찰하고 국가-범죄 관계 및 대안적 질서에 대해서 살펴본다.
Abstract
In recent years, in Latin America, criminal organizations have been strengthening their autonomy and independent survival capabilities, gradually transforming into political forces that challenge state power. This is a serious obstacle to the development of democracy by undermining democracy and the rule of law and restricting the political and social rights of citizens. In Haiti, after the assassination of president Jovenel Moïse in 2021, gangs have been controlling social life by setting and enforcing rules, replacing the role of the police and the judiciary, applying extrajudicial justice, and providing public services and necessities. As the state failed to protect the safety and lives of its citizens, Haiti has transitioned from a classic Weberian monopoly state to a criminal governance in which criminal organizations control politics, economy, and social life. This paper examines the literature necessary to understand new forms of governance in which criminal organizations challenge state power through the case of Haiti, and examines state-crime relations and alternative orders.
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